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“As long as you learn to adapt”–a longitudinal mixed-methods study exploring the first decade with rheumatoid arthritis
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0764-9972
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0761-1942
Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Social Work. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Activity and Health. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1188-4273
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Rheumatology.
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2025 (English)In: BMC Rheumatology, E-ISSN 2520-1026, Vol. 9, no 1, article id 35Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Early diagnosis and modern treatment have changed everyday life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, symptoms are still pronounced several years after diagnosis. The aim of this study is therefore to synthesise the perception of everyday life in men and women with contemporary treated RA over the course of the first decade after diagnosis. This will be achieved by comparing subjective experiences with quantitative measures of disability and disease activity.

Methods

A longitudinal convergent mixed method was used. Thirty-one patients, clinically diagnosed with RA and ≥ 18 years of age, were recruited from the TIRA-2 project in southeast Sweden. Patients were followed over a decade regarding disease activity (DAS28), grip force (Grippit), pain intensity (VAS mm) and activity limitations (HAQ). Participation in valued life activities (VLA-swe) was assessed 10 years after diagnosis. The patients took part in individual interviews three- and ten-years post-diagnosis. Quantitative data were analysed through descriptive analyses and linear mixed models. The interviews were analysed using directed content analyses. The results from the quantitative and qualitative analyses were integrated in accordance with the chosen design.

Results

Discrepancies between the quantitative and qualitative results were revealed, along with differences between sexes. Women expressed more problems related to disease activity and grip force, which did not coincide with the quantitative results. In fact, women experienced difficulties in activities despite decreased disease activity. Furthermore, their pain score changed quantitatively over time, which was not expressed in the interviews. These disconfirming results were not seen in men. Both women and men displayed confirming results regarding activity limitation. Some issues, such as with basic needs, were more visible quantitatively than through interviews.

Conclusions

Men and women with contemporary treated RA still experience disability a decade after diagnosis. Additionally, patients’ experiences and quantitatively measured outcomes do not always coincide. The qualitative data adds information and thereby complements the quantitative data on disability. Our results confirm the importance of person-centred rehabilitation in optimising patients’ possibilities for participation in everyday life.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2025. Vol. 9, no 1, article id 35
National Category
Rheumatology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212685DOI: 10.1186/s41927-025-00485-zISI: 001450801200001PubMedID: 40128833Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105000669860OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212685DiVA, id: diva2:1948543
Funder
Linköpings universitet
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkping University

Available from: 2025-03-31 Created: 2025-03-31 Last updated: 2025-04-02
In thesis
1. Participation and support in everyday life over a decade: perspectives of persons with rheumatoid arthritis and their significant others
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Participation and support in everyday life over a decade: perspectives of persons with rheumatoid arthritis and their significant others
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Delaktighet och stöd i vardagen under ett decennium : upplevelser från personer med reumatoid artrit och deras närstående
Abstract [en]

Introduction: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved over recent decades. Today, many previous limitations related to, for example, joint damage have become rare, and persons with RA can often continue to work and engage in different aspects of everyday life. Nonetheless, persons with RA still report restrictions in everyday life, as they can be negatively impacted by symptoms like pain, stiffness and fatigue. As these symptoms might be invisible to others, the significant others of persons with RA can find it difficult to comprehend the effect of the disease. As a consequence, both the person with RA and the significant other may be affected, despite today’s effective treatment.

As participation is a central concept within healthcare, it is also a prominent factor within rehabilitation and its goals. Despite access to contemporary treatment during the whole disease course, persons with RA still report participation restrictions. Since RA is a chronic disease, these remaining restrictions are of particular interest from a longitudinal perspective. However, support from the social environment, such as significant others, has the possibility to positively influence participation in everyday life. Therefore, it is essential to explore the influence of significant others and their support with the goal of enhanced participation in the everyday life of persons with RA, from a longitudinal perspective.

Aim: The general aim of this thesis is to explore participation in the everyday life of persons with RA over a decade, and in relation to this investigate the influence of significant others and their support.

Methods: This thesis consists of four studies that used different methodological approaches: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.

Study I was a qualitative study where 59 persons with RA participated in semi-structured interviews approximately three years after diagnosis. Questions covered experiences in everyday life and participation. The material was analysed through content analysis.

In Study II, longitudinal data from 274 persons with RA were analysed regarding disease activity (assessed by DAS28), grip force (assessed by Grippit), pain intensity (VAS mm) and activity limitations (assessed by HAQ). The data were collected at inclusion, year one and year two after diagnosis. Data related to sickness absence were also obtained, as well as self-assessed perceptions of experienced support. Through regression analyses, associations between disease-related variables and sickness absence were investigated, with support as a moderator.

The data in Study III comprise semi-structured individual interviews with 16 persons with RA and their significant others, conducted approximately a decade after diagnosis. The interview guide was developed with Study I in mind and included similar topics, with the addition of support. This material was analysed using dyadic analysis, where a person with RA and the significant other comprised a dyad.

Finally, in Study IV, a convergent mixed methods approach was used. Longitudinal data regarding disease-related variables (same as Study II) were collected during the first decade after diagnosis and analysed through linear mixed models. The qualitative material consisted of individual interviews conducted three and ten years after diagnosis and analysed by directed content analysis. The quantitative and qualitative results were integrated in accordance with the chosen method.

Results: Significant others of persons with RA could encompass both facilitators and hinders to participation in the everyday life of persons with RA. Through the provision of support and helpful attitudes towards needed adaptations, they had a positive influence on participation in the everyday life of persons with RA. This was a continuous process since the persons with RA were still affected by the disease a decade after diagnosis, and adaptations by the significant others might also still be needed.

Experiences of RA were found to differ between men and women over the first decade after diagnosis. Moreover, through a mixed methods design, discrepancies were found between the persons’ own descriptions in interviews and the quantitative results. For instance, women expressed issues related to grip force and disease activity in the interviews, but these issues were not detected in the same way in the quantitative results. These discrepancies were additionally not seen in men; however, both men and women still showed signs of disability a decade after RA diagnosis. Nevertheless, over time, the persons with RA and their significant others had learned to live with the disease and there was a sense of togetherness in everyday life with RA. Namely, they approached the disease together as a unit.

Support was identified as a positive aspect that facilitated everyday life. It entailed both the support between the person with RA and the significant other, as well as the support from others outside of the dyad. Support could also come in different forms. For example, the person with RA could receive emotional support from a significant other, or healthcare professionals (HCPs) could provide informational support to either or both of the parties. In connection to the latter, a continuous need for knowledge was identified in both the persons with RA and the significant others. Support from significant others also proved to have an impact on work life specifically, as more perceived support was associated with an increased risk of sickness absence.

Conclusively, significant others and their support can influence participation in the everyday life of persons with RA, and this influence can be facilitated through positive attitudes and different types of support during the first decade after diagnosis.

Conclusions: Significant others are essential providers of support as facilitators for participation in the everyday life of persons with RA, including many years after diagnosis. However, they must also be attentive towards the further need for adaptations and possible emotional burden in the persons with RA. It is also important for significant others to find a balance between overprotecting and contributing to independence.

The significant others in their turn might need support in understanding the impact of the disease. In this case, HCPs should be providers of support to both persons with RA and their significant others and consult with both of them as a unit in the rehabilitation process. This also exemplifies the need for support from outside the dyads of persons with RA and their significant others.

Support is requested both at an early stage and throughout the disease course. Different types of support from significant others can therefore preferably be part of the rehabilitation process as a way to enhance participation in the everyday life of persons with RA.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Rutiner för tidig diagnos och tidigt insättande av sjukdomsmodifierade läkemedel vid reumatoid artrit (RA) har utvecklats under de senaste decennierna. Effekten av dessa rutiner är mindre sjukdomsaktivitet, mindre funktionshinder och mer delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA som idag ofta kan fortsätta sitt yrkesarbete. Trots detta uttrycker ändå personer med RA hinder i vardagen som kan vara negativt påverkad av symtom som smärta, stelhet och trötthet (fatigue). Då denna typ av symtom även kan vara osynliga för andra kan det vara svårt för närstående till personer med RA att till fullo förstå sjukdomens påverkan. Det innebär att både personen med RA och närstående kan påverkas av sjukdomen, trots dagens effektiva behandling.

Delaktighet är ett centralt begrepp inom hälso- och sjukvård, och även en framträdande faktor i rehabilitering och dess målsättningar. Personer med RA uttrycker fortsatt delaktighetsinskränkningar trots att de under hela sjukdomsperioden haft tillgång till samtida behandling. Eftersom RA är en kronisk sjukdom är dessa kvarstående inskränkningar av särskilt intresse ur ett longitudinellt perspektiv. Dock har stöd från den sociala miljön, som t.ex. närstående, på olika sätt möjlighet att ha en positiv påverkan på delaktighet i vardagen. Det är därför av stor vikt att undersöka vilken påverkan närstående och deras stöd har i relation till målet att öka delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA, även ur ett longitudinellt perspektiv.

Syfte: Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att undersöka delaktighet i vardagen hos personer med RA under ett decennium, samt att undersöka vilken påverkan närstående och deras stöd kan ha.

Metod: Denna avhandling består av fyra delstudier där olika metoder använts; kvalitativa, kvantitativa och mixad metod.

Delstudie I var en kvalitativ studie där 59 personer med RA deltog i semistrukturerade intervjuer ca tre år efter insjuknande. Frågor under intervjun berörde upplevelser av vardagen och delaktighet. Materialet analyserades genom innehållsanalys.

I Delstudie II insamlades longitudinella data från 274 personer med RA gällande sjukdomsaktivitet (genom DAS28), handkraft (mätt med Grippit), smärtintensitet (mm på VAS-skala) och funktionshinder (enligt HAQ). Data inhämtades vid inklusion, år ett och år två efter diagnos. Även data relaterad till sjukfrånvaro inhämtades, liksom självskattning av upplevt stöd. För att undersöka associationer mellan sjukdomsvariabler och sjukfrånvaro genomfördes regressionsanalyser där stöd figurerade som moderator.

Materialet i Delstudie III innehöll semistrukturerade intervjuer med 16 personer med RA och deras närstående, genomförda uppskattningsvis ett decennium efter diagnos. Intervjuguiden var utformad med Delstudie I i åtanke och bestod av samma ämnen, med stöd som tillägg. Detta material analyserades genom dyadanalys, där en person med RA och dennes närstående utgjorde en dyad.

Avslutningsvis användes en convergent mixad metod i Delstudie IV. Longitudinell data relaterad till sjukdomsvariabler (samma som i Delstudie II) samlades in under ett decennium efter diagnos och analyserades genom linjära mixade modeller. Det kvalitativa materialet bestod av individuella intervjuer genomförda tre och tio år efter diagnos och analyserades genom riktad innehållsanalys. Det kvantitativa och kvalitativa materialet integrerades sedan i enlighet med vald metod.

Resultat: Närstående till personer med RA kunde utgöra både möjliggörare och hinder för delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA. Genom att erbjuda stöd och positiva attityder gentemot nödvändiga anpassningar, hade de en positiv påverkan på delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA. Detta var en kontinuerlig process eftersom personerna med RA fortfarande var påverkade av sjukdomen ett decennium efter diagnos och anpassningar kunde ännu vara nödvändiga, även för närstående.

Upplevelser av RA skiljde sig mellan män och kvinnor under första decenniet efter diagnos. Genom mixad metoddesign hittades också diskrepanser mellan personernas egna beskrivningar i intervjuer och resultaten från kvantitativa mätningar. Exempelvis uttryckte kvinnor problem relaterat till handkraft och sjukdomsaktivitet, vilket inte hittades i det kvantitativa resultatet. Denna typ av diskrepanser sågs inte hos män. Däremot uppvisade både män och kvinnor funktionshinder ett decennium efter diagnos.

Personerna med RA och deras närstående hade över tid lärt sig leva med sjukdomen och det fanns en vi-känsla i vardagen med RA. De båda parterna bemötte sjukdomen som en enhet.

Stöd identifierades som en positiv aspekt och möjliggörande i vardagen. Detta innebar både stöd mellan personen med RA och dennes närstående, men även stöd från utanför dyaden. Stöd kunde också finnas i olika form. T.ex. kunde personerna med RA få emotionellt stöd från närstående, eller hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kunde ge informativt stöd till någon eller båda av parterna. I relation till det senare identifierades också ett fortsatt behov av informativt stöd både från personerna med RA och närstående. Stöd från närstående visade sig också påverka arbete specifikt, då mer upplevt stöd var associerat med ökad risk för sjukfrånvaro.

Sammanfattningsvis kan närstående och deras stöd påverka delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA. Denna påverkan kan vara möjliggörande genom positiva attityder och olika typer av stöd under det första decenniet efter diagnos.

Slutsatser: Under många år efter diagnos är närståendes stöd en viktig möjliggörare för delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA. Däremot måste de också vara uppmärksamma på ytterligare behov för anpassningar och möjlig emotionell påverkan på personen med RA. Det är också viktigt att närstående hittar en balans mellan att överbeskydda och att bidra till självständighet.

Närstående i sin tur kan behöva stöd i att öka förståelsen av sjukdomens påverkan. I dessa fall kan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal bidra med stöd till både personen med RA och närstående, och bör bemöta dem som en enhet i rehabiliteringsprocessen. Detta utgör också exempel på behovet av stöd från personer utanför dyaden av personen med RA och dennes närstående.

Behovet av stöd finns både tidigt och senare under sjukdomstiden. Olika typer av stöd från närstående kan därför med fördel utgöra en del av rehabiliteringsprocessen som ett sätt att öka delaktighet i vardagen för personer med RA.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 95
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1855
Keywords
Activities, Everyday life, Longitudinal research, Participation, Rehabilitation, Rheumatoid arthritis, Significant Others, Support, Work, Aktiviteter, Arbete, Delaktighet, Longitudinell forskning, Närstående, Rehabilitering, Reumatoid artrit, Stöd, Vardagliga livet
National Category
Occupational Therapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-194751 (URN)10.3384/9789180751773 (DOI)9789180751766 (ISBN)9789180751773 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-09-01, K4, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 09:37 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Updates:

2023-06-09The thesis was first published online. The online published version reflects the printed version. 

2023-09-12The thesis was updated with an errata list which is also downloadable from the DOI landing page. Before this date the PDF has been downloaded 98 times.

Available from: 2023-06-09 Created: 2023-06-09 Last updated: 2025-03-31Bibliographically approved

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