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Learning Cultural Competence in Healthcare: Self-assessment and Education
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9455-9491
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Healthcare in Sweden must provide equitable and effective care to all residents by adapting to an aging and multicultural population with varied needs. To achieve this, increased cultural competence among healthcare professionals is required. To support healthcare professionals, in developing professional knowledge in encounters with migrant persons a self-rating instrument measuring cultural competence as well as education in cultural competence can equip professionals to meet this need. Improving cultural competence in healthcare can enhance communication and patient satisfaction, reduce misunderstandings and errors, and improve overall healthcare outcomes. However, there is a lack of relevant instruments and education to learn cultural competence across various healthcare areas in Sweden.

Aim

The general aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate a self-assessment instrument in cultural competence for healthcare professionals. Further the aim was to design an educational program to enhance cultural competence among healthcare professionals working in interprofessional teams.

Methods

This thesis consists of four studies, with varied methodology and design. In study I, 19 occupational therapists participated, divided into four focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to examine the content validity and utility of the CCAI-S. In study II data was collected by a web-based questionnaire based on CCAI-S to 428 occupational therapists to investigate the construct validity, reliability and utility of the CCAI-S. Factor analysis was performed as well as descriptive statistics. In study III data was collected by a web-based questionnaire based on CCAI-S to measure cultural competence in 279 healthcare professionals in interprofessional teams. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, univariate analyses and linear regression. Study IV used a co-design methodology, in which healthcare professionals (n =11), patients (n =6) and researchers (n =5) collaborated to develop an educational programme in cultural competence. The analysis in the process was integrated with data collection through an iterative and agile approach.

Results

The CCAI-S showed high content validity for all 24 items, though six required reformulation. It demonstrated strong utility for increasing cultural awareness among healthcare professionals and highlighted the importance of organizational support in developing cultural competence. A three-factor model was identified: 'Openness and awareness,' 'Workplace support,' and 'Interaction skills,' with high factor loadings and strong Cronbach’s Alpha support. Even though all 24 items were deemed clinically relevant based on construct validity of CCAI-S led to 13 of 24 items deemed relevant. 58% of healthcare professionals reported high levels of Openness and awareness, 35% high interaction skills, and 6% high workplace support. Cultural competence was linked to a high percentage of migrant clients and prior cultural competence development through experience or education. Professionals felt open and aware but lacked workplace support and education. A prototype of an educational programme with four modules was co-designed: cultural knowledge, reasoning, interaction, and context, each with specific learning objectives and activities to enhance cultural competence in healthcare.

Conclusion

The CCAI-S demonstrated good measurement properties and high clinical relevance. Most healthcare professionals felt culturally open and aware but needed more workplace support and education to improve their interaction skills and develop cultural competence. The CCAI-S can guide organizations in enhancing staff cultural competence. The educational program's clinical relevance was ensured through co-design by professionals and patients. Fostering cultural competence in healthcare is essential for meeting diverse patient needs. Prioritizing self-assessment and education can lead to a more inclusive and effective healthcare system.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund

Sjukvården i Sverige måste erbjuda jämlik och effektiv vård till alla invånare genom att anpassa sig till en åldrande och mångkulturell befolkning med olika behov. För att uppnå detta krävs det ökad förståelse och kompetens hos vårdpersonal. Det är särskilt viktigt att hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal kan möta patienternas kulturella behov i ett mångkulturellt samhälle. För att stödja personalen i att utveckla professionell kunskap i möten med migranter kan ett självskattningsinstrument som mäter kulturell kompetens samt utbildning i kulturell kompetens utrusta professionella för att möta detta behov. Detta kan förbättra vården genom att förbättra kommunikationen och öka patienternas tillfredsställelse. Det minskar risken för missförstånd och fel som kan uppstå utifrån kulturella och språkliga skillnader, vilket därmed förbättrar de övergripande resultaten av insatserna. Vidare främjar en sådan utbildning jämlikhet genom att säkerställa att vår-den är anpassad till de specifika behoven hos den mångkulturella populationen, vilket hjälper till att minska hälsoskillnader. Det finns dock en brist på relevanta instrument och utbildning för att lära sig medvetenhet och utveckla kulturell kompetens inom sjukvårdens olika arbetsplatser i Sverige.

Syfte

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att utveckla och utvärdera ett självskattningsinstrument för kulturell kompetens för hälso-och sjukvårdpersonal. Vidare var syftet att utforma ett utbildningsprogram för att förbättra den kulturella kompetensen bland hälso-och sjukvårdpersonal som arbetar i team. Det specifika syftet med studie I var att utvärdera innehållsvaliditeten och användbarheten av CCAI-S bland arbetsterapeuter. Det specifika syftet med studie II var att undersöka den kliniska relevansen, konstruktvaliditeten och reliabiliteten av CCAI-S bland svenska arbetsterapeuter. Det specifika syftet med studie III var att beskriva den upplevda kulturella kompetensen hos primärvårdspersonal som specialiserar sig på diabetesvård och att undersöka relaterade faktorer som påverkar kulturell kompetens. I studie IV var syftet att beskriva utvecklingen av en utbildningsprototyp som förbättrar kulturell kompetens bland vårdpersonal.

Metod

Denna avhandling består av fyra delstudier: en med en beskrivande och utforskande design (I), två tvärsnittsbeskrivande studier (II, III) och en co-design-studie (IV). I studie I deltog 19 arbetsterapeuter, uppdelade i fyra fokusgrupper. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att undersöka innehållsvaliditeten och användbarheten av CCAI-S. I studie II skickades en webbaserad enkät till ett slumpmässigt urval av 428 arbetsterapeuter för att undersöka konstruktvaliditeten, reliabiliteten och användbarheten av CCAI-S. Faktoranalys utfördes samt beskrivande statistik. I studie III sam-lades data in via en webbaserad enkät baserad på den psykometriskt testade CCAI-S för att mäta kulturell kompetens hos 279 sjukvårdspersonal i interprofessionella team. Data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik. Univariata analyser och linjär regression användes för att undersöka sociodemografiska faktorer. Studie IV använde en co-design-metodologi, där sjukvårdpersonal (n = 11), patienter (n = 6) och forskare (n = 5) samarbetade för att utveckla ett utbildningsprogram i kulturell kompetens. Co-design-processen byggde på fem element: engagera, planera, utforska, utveckla och besluta, och datainsamlingen baserades på idégrupper med vårdpersonal och individuella patientintervjuer. Analysen i processen integrerades med datainsamlingen genom ett iterativt och agilt förhållningssätt.

Resultat

I delstudie I visade alla 24 frågorna i CCAI-S hög innehållsvaliditet, även om sex frågor behövde omformuleras och exemplifieras. Resultaten visade starkt stöd för användbarheten av CCAI-S, där det kunde användas individuellt av personal för att öka medvetenheten om kulturella frågor och hade potential för användning i olika interprofessionella team och arbetsplatser. Även betydelsen av organisatoriskt stöd för hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal i utvecklingen av kulturell kompetens framkom i resultatet. I delstudie II genererade konstruktionsvaliditeten en trefaktormodell med benämningarna 'Öppenhet och medvetenhet', 'Arbetsplatsstöd' och 'Interaktionsfärdigheter'. Alla tre faktorer visade höga faktorladdningar och innehöll 12 av de 24 ursprungliga itemen. Cronbach’s alpha visade starkt stöd för trefaktormodellen. Deltagarna rapporterade att alla 24 itemen hade hög klinisk relevans. Resultatet från delstudie III visade att 58% av vårdpersonalen upp-fattade att de hade en hög nivå av öppenhet och medvetenhet, 35% uppfattade att de hade en hög nivå av interaktionsfärdigheter och 6% uppfattade att de hade en hög nivå av arbetsplatsstöd. Två faktorer visade sig vara relaterade till kulturell kompetens: en hög andel patienter med migrantbak-grund på kliniken och om personalen tidigare hade utvecklat kulturell kompetens genom praktisk erfarenhet, utbildning och/eller på egen hand. De flesta av personalen ansåg sig vara öppna och kulturellt medvetna när de arbetade med patienter från olika bakgrunder men upplevde brist på arbetsplatsstöd och utbildning för att förbättra sin kulturella kompetens. Resultatet från delstudie IV var en prototyp som bestod av fyra utbildnings-moduler: 1) kulturell kunskap, 2) kulturellt resonemang, 3) kulturell interaktion och 4) kulturell kontext. Varje modul inkluderar lärandemål och aktiviteter.

Konklusion

Syftet med avhandlingen var att utveckla och utvärdera ett självskattnings-instrument för kulturell kompetens för hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal. Vidare var syftet att utforma en utbildning för att förbättra kulturell kompetens bland interprofessionella team i hälso-och sjukvård. Resultaten visade goda psykometriska egenskaper och hög klinisk relevans för CCAI-S. Baserat på CCAI-S kände majoriteten av personalen sig kulturellt öppna och medvetna, men de behövde mer arbetsplatsstöd för att förbättra sina inter-aktionsfärdigheter samt utbildning för att utveckla kulturell kompetens. CCAI-S kan vägleda organisationer i att utveckla kulturell kompetens hos sin personal. Utbildningens kliniska relevans för hälso-och sjukvården säkerställdes genom att personal och patienter genom co-design skapade relevant innehåll och lärandeaktiviteter för utveckling av kulturell kompetens. Sammanfattningsvis är det viktigt att främja kulturell kompetens inom hälso-och sjukvården för att möta behoven hos olika patientgrupper. Genom att prioritera självskattning och utbildning kan vi arbeta mot ett mer inkluderande och effektivt vårdsystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 120
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1960
Keywords [en]
Cultural competence, Healthcare professional, Occupational therapists, Psychometrics, Qualitative research, Self-assessment
Keywords [sv]
Arbetsterapeuter, Co-design, Kulturell kompetens, Kvalitativ forskning, Psykometri, Sjukvårdpersonal, Självskattning
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212519DOI: 10.3384/9789180759557ISBN: 9789180759540 (print)ISBN: 9789180759557 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212519DiVA, id: diva2:1946839
Public defence
2025-04-25, K1, Kåkenhus, Camous Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-03-24 Created: 2025-03-24 Last updated: 2025-03-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Validity and utility of the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Validity and utility of the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument
2019 (English)In: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, ISSN 0308-0226, E-ISSN 1477-6006, Vol. 82, no 7, p. 422-432Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Global migration as well as migration to Sweden has increased during the last few decades. A self-rating instrument that measures cultural competence could support occupational therapists' professional knowledge when they encounterclients from different cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content validity and utility of the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument among occupational therapists. Nineteen occupational therapists participated in four focus groups.

Method: Qualitative analysis was used to evaluate content validity and utility.

Results: The results revealed that all 24 items of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument were valid, even though six of the items were in need of reformulations and exemplifications. The category Interactions with clients showed that the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument – Swedish version could be utilised individually to raise awareness on cultural issues inpractice. The category Workplace and its organisational support showed that the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument – Swedish version had potential for use in different workplaces, and indicated the importance of organisational support in the development of communications and cultural competence.

Conclusion: The evaluation indicated positive content validity for the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument – Swedish version, and that it had the potential to be utilised in the Swedish context.

Keywords
Instrument development, occupational therapy, qualitative research, ethnicity, cultural competence
National Category
Occupational Therapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156137 (URN)10.1177/0308022619825813 (DOI)000473502900005 ()
Available from: 2019-04-05 Created: 2019-04-05 Last updated: 2025-03-24
2. Clinical Relevance and Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clinical Relevance and Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument
2020 (English)In: Occupational Therapy International, ISSN 0966-7903, E-ISSN 1557-0703, Vol. 2020, article id 2453239Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Based on the increasing diversity of Swedish society, health professionals, like occupational therapists, find it challenging to provide culturally competent services to international clients. Consequently, cultural competence among professionals needs to be measured and improved using psychometrically tested instruments. This study examines the clinical relevance, construct validity, and reliability of the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument among Swedish occupational therapists. Material and Methods. A randomised sample of 312 Swedish occupational therapists answered a survey based on the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument with supplementary questions on the clinical relevance of the instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the clinical relevance of the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument. Factor analyses, both exploratory and confirmatory, were run to examine the factor structure. Cronbachs alpha was performed to assess the internal consistency of the instrument. Results. The participants reported that the 24 items had high clinical relevance. The validation yielded a three-factor model: openness and awareness, workplace support, and interaction skills. All three of these factors showed high loadings. Conclusions. The study results indicated positive clinical relevance and psychometric properties for the Swedish version of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument and strong support to be utilised in Sweden. The implications of this study are important given the rapid growth in migration over the last few decades. A self-rating instrument measuring cultural competence could support occupational therapists professional knowledge and development when they interact with international clients. As the tool was originally developed in English in the United States, the feedback from the Swedish version could potentially be useful for the instrument in modified form and for use by occupational therapists in English-speaking countries.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY-HINDAWI, 2020
National Category
Occupational Therapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165955 (URN)10.1155/2020/2453239 (DOI)000531664400001 ()32395094 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2020-06-04 Created: 2020-06-04 Last updated: 2025-03-24
3. Cultural competence in healthcare professionals, specialised in diabetes, working in primary healthcare-A descriptive study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cultural competence in healthcare professionals, specialised in diabetes, working in primary healthcare-A descriptive study
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Health & Social Care in the Community, ISSN 0966-0410, E-ISSN 1365-2524, Vol. 30, no 3, p. e717-e726Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Self-care is the most important cornerstone of diabetes treatment. As self-care is affected by cultural beliefs, it is important for healthcare professionals to be able to adapt their educational approach and to be culturally competent. The aim of this study was to describe the cultural competence in Swedish healthcare professionals, specialised in diabetes care and to examine related factors for cultural competence. The healthcare professionals perceived level of cultural competence was measured across three domains-Openness and awareness, Workplace support and Interaction skills-in 279 Swedish healthcare professionals from all 21 regions of Sweden, using the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument (Swedish version-CCAI-S). Descriptive statistics were used to describe cultural competence in healthcare professionals, and linear regression was conducted to examine factors related to cultural competence. Of the healthcare professionals studied, 58% perceived that they had a high level of Openness and awareness, 35% perceived that they had a high level of Interaction skills and 6% perceived that they had a high level of Workplace support. Two factors were found to be related to cultural competence, namely, high percentage of migrant clients at the healthcare clinic and whether the healthcare professionals previously had developed cultural competence through practical experience, education and/or by themselves. In conclusion, most healthcare professionals perceived that they had cultural openness and awareness but need more support from their workplace to improve their interaction skills. Cultural competence-related education could support the healthcare professionals to develop interaction skills.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY, 2022
Keywords
cultural background; cultural competence; diabetes mellitus; healthcare professionals; primary healthcare; self-care
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177424 (URN)10.1111/hsc.13442 (DOI)000663264800001 ()34145649 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-06-29 Created: 2021-06-29 Last updated: 2025-03-24

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