This dissertation discusses prior consultation in mining projects in Ecuador and Sweden, through the cases of El Mirador and Kallak. The comparative approach explores citizenship, ethnopolitics and territory in order to understand how indigenous rights are recognized and applied in both countries. The study reveals that although these countries have different historical and geopolitical backgrounds, they seem to encounter similar challenges of reconciling national interests with the rights of indigenous people. In Ecuador, constitutional recognition of indigenous rights often undermined by extractivist policies. On the other hand, while Sámi legal rights are acknowledged in Sweden, their implementation is inconsistent as illustrated by Kallak project. In conclusion, both countries have a paradox where laws exist but lack enforcement thus leading to continuous conflicts over natural resources. This indicates that there is a complicated relationship between governmental policies and indigenous people’s rights.