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Microscopic Traffic Simulation of Automated Driving: Modeling and Evaluation of Traffic Performance
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Communications and Transport Systems, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4745-4865
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The introduction of automated driving systems (ADSs) in road transportation systems will affect the traffic flow characteristics, and have ripple effects which will lead to larger societal implications. The traffic flow is characterized by speed, density, and vehicular throughput, which determine the road capacity and the traffic performance in terms of, among others, travel times and delays. A tool used to study traffic flow dynamics and analyze traffic performance is microscopic traffic simulation, which works by describing the interactions between road users to simulate observed traffic phenomena.

To use microscopic traffic simulation to evaluate the impact of ADSs on traffic performance, driving models need to be able to simulate driving decisions and behavioral patterns of ADSs. Driving models have been proposed specifically for ADSs, however, it remains to be validated whether these driving models when used in combination with traditional human driving models adequately simulate mixed traffic that includes human drivers and ADSs. Ideally, a clear interpretation of the behavioral assumptions for each type of vehicle should be possible, as these determine the simulation results. However, it is challenging to compare behavioral assumptions when using different driving models to describe different vehicle types. Empirical research has validated that some driving models, such as the intelligent driver car-following model (IDM), are well-suited for describing both human or automated driving when calibrated with the proper data.

The aim of this thesis is two fold: to further develop microscopic traffic simulation for the study of mixed traffic, and to evaluate the effects of mixed traffic on motorway traffic performance. To enhance the modeling of mixed traffic, a model for perception is proposed which allows the explicit inclusion of perception errors in driving decisions. Its use, in combination with driving models capable of describing both human and automated driving, enables to make distinctions between human drivers and ADSs both in perception capabilities and in driving behavior. This modeling approach focuses on describing essential differences to simulate mixed traffic and removes risks involved in using different driving models.

Abstract [sv]

Introduktionen av självkörande fordon förväntas förändra våra transportsystem. Självkörande fordon förväntas förändra trafikflöden, påverka resmönster, påverka människors val av färdmedel och förändra beslutet att äga en bil. Dessa förändringar kan leda till större samhälleliga förändringar.

För att förstå hur självkörande fordon kan tänkas påverka trafiken är det viktigt att studera hur andelen självkörande fordon och deras beteende påverkar trafikflödesdynamiken. Faktorer som hastighet och antal fordon på vägen påverkar restider, sannolikheten för trafikstockningar och vägarnas kapacitet att hantera trafikvolymer.

En metod för att studera trafik är simulering. Genom simuleringar modelleras hur fordon och förare beter sig och samspelar med varandra och infrastrukturen, vilket möjliggör analys av verkliga trafikscenarier. Att simulera samspelet mellan självkörande och mänskligt körda fordon är dock en komplex utmaning. Självkörande och mänskligt körda fordon kommer att dela vägarna, och simuleringarna måste ta hänsyn till skillnaderna i beteende mellan dem.

Den forskning som presenteras här tar sig an utmaningen att modellera mänskligt körda fordon och självkörande fordon i trafiksimuleringar. För att åstadkomma detta måste skillnader i perception och beslutsfattande mellan mänskligt körda och självkörande fordon beaktas. Genom att dessa skillnader inkluderas visar jag att simuleringarna blir mer precisa och därmed möjliggör undersökning av effekter på vägkapacitet, förseningar och restider.

Utöver att förbättra forskares, väghållares och beslutsfattares förståelse för trafik som består av både mänskligt körda och självkörande fordon och deras prestanda, kan simuleringar också bidra till att undersöka frågor som hur självkörande fordon kan påverka trafiksäkerhet eller energiförbrukning. I takt med att teknik för självkörande fordon utvecklas kan simuleringsverktyg hjälpa till att skapa säkra, effektiva, hållbara och tillförlitliga transportsystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 73
Series
Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2434
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21762DOI: 10.3384/9789181180046ISBN: 9789181180039 (print)ISBN: 9789181180046 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-21762DiVA, id: diva2:1942751
Public defence
2025-03-26, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-03-06 Created: 2025-03-06 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Modeling Automated Driving in Microscopic Traffic Simulations for Traffic Performance Evaluations: Aspects to Consider and State of the Practice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling Automated Driving in Microscopic Traffic Simulations for Traffic Performance Evaluations: Aspects to Consider and State of the Practice
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2023 (English)In: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print), ISSN 1524-9050, E-ISSN 1558-0016, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 6558-6574Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The gradual deployment of automated vehicles on the existing road network will lead to a long transition period in which vehicles at different driving automation levels and capabilities will share the road with human driven vehicles, resulting into what is known as mixed traffic. Whether our road infrastructure is ready to safely and efficiently accommodate this mixed traffic remains a knowledge gap. Microscopic traffic simulation provides a proactive approach for assessing these implications. However, differences in assumptions regarding modeling automated driving in current simulation studies, and the use of different terminology make it difficult to compare the results of these studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to specify the aspects to consider for modeling automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations using harmonized concepts, to investigate how both empirical studies and microscopic traffic simulation studies on automated driving have considered the proposed aspects, and to identify the state of the practice and the research needs to further improve the modeling of automated driving. Six important aspects were identified: the role of authorities, the role of users, the vehicle system, the perception of surroundings based on the vehicle’s sensors, the vehicle connectivity features, and the role of the infrastructure both physical and digital. The research gaps and research directions in relation to these aspects are identified and proposed, these might bring great benefits for the development of more accurate and realistic modeling of automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2023
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18924 (URN)10.1109/tits.2022.3200176 (DOI)
Note

Funding agencies: Applied and Technical Sciences (TTW), a subdomain of the Dutch Institute for Scientific Research (NWO) through the Project Safe and Efficient Operation of Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles in Mixed Traffic (SAMEN) (Grant Number: 17187)Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) through the Project Simulation and Modeling of Automated Road Transport (SMART) (Grant Number: TRV 2019/27044)

Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-08 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
2. Effects on Traffic Performance Due to Heterogeneity of Automated Vehicles on Motorways: A Microscopic Simulation Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects on Traffic Performance Due to Heterogeneity of Automated Vehicles on Motorways: A Microscopic Simulation Study
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of yhe 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS), SCITEPRESS , 2021, p. 142-151Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) is commonly expected to improve different aspects of transportation. A long transition period is expected until AVs become prevalent on roads. During this period, different types of AVs with different driving logics will coexist along human driven vehicles. Using microscopic traffic simulation, this study investigates the range of potential impacts on traffic performance in terms of throughput and travel delays for different types of AVs and human driven vehicles on motorways. The simulation experiment includes scenarios with combinations of three different driving logics for AVs together with human driven vehicles at increasing penetration rates. The utilized AV driving logics represent the evolution of AVs, they were defined in the microscopic simulation tool Vissim and were created by modifying and extending the human driver behaviour models. The results of the simulation experiment show a decrease in vehicle throughput and significant effects on delay times when AVs with a more cautious driving logic are predominant. Overall, results show higher vehicle throughput and lower travel delays as AVs evolve to more advanced driving logics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SCITEPRESS, 2021
Keywords
Automated Vehicles; Automated Driving; Microscopic Simulation; Mixed Traffic
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18935 (URN)10.5220/0010450701420151 (DOI)000783439200014 ()9789897585135 (ISBN)
Conference
7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS), ELECTR NETWORK, apr 28-30, 2021
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) [TRV 2016/20608, TRV 2019/27044]; European UnionEuropean Commission [H2020-ART-2016-2017, 723201]

Available from: 2022-05-11 Created: 2022-09-21 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
3. Modeling Perception Performance in Microscopic Simulation of Traffic Flows Including Automated Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling Perception Performance in Microscopic Simulation of Traffic Flows Including Automated Vehicles
2024 (English)In: 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), IEEE, 2024, p. 2555-2560Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Mixed traffic with automated and human-driven vehicles interacting with one another will soon become a common reality. Microscopic traffic simulation can preemptively help assess the impact on the traffic flow dynamics as long as the tools adequately capture the differences on how automated driving systems (ADSs) drive compared to humans. In this work a modeling approach that captures differences in perception performance is proposed. While human drivers perceive through their senses and cognitive processes, ADS perceive the driving context through on-board sensors, connectivity features and software. The perception performance is described in terms of accuracy, precision, detection range, and detection delay. The model for perception is implemented in SUMO and a simulation test in a platoon shows the acceleration response affected by up to 35 % for perception errors of ≈10% which by extension will affect the traffic flow dynamics. The proposed modeling approach for perception contributes to the robustness of microscopic traffic simulation and the modeling of heterogeneous mixed traffic.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2024
Series
IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems proceedings, ISSN 2153-0009, E-ISSN 2153-0017
Keywords
Mixed traffic, Automated driving, Perception, Microscopic traffic simulation
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20393 (URN)10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421949 (DOI)9798350399462 (ISBN)9798350399479 (ISBN)
Conference
26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Bilbao, Spain, September 24-28, 2023.
Available from: 2024-03-11 Created: 2024-03-11 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved

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