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Evaluation of Losses in 3-D-Printed Geodesic Lenses Using a Ray-Tracing Model
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2095-121x
Northern Waves AB, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7703-9526
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7550-329X
Department of Applied Physics 1, ETS Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8943-9068
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2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 0018-926X, E-ISSN 1558-2221, Vol. 72, no 1, p. 234-242Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article applies an in-house generalized ray-tracing (RT) model to efficiently compute both the radiation pattern and the efficiency of geodesic lenses with nonrotationally symmetric shapes. Losses due to ohmic effects and surface roughness are included in the model. These losses are very relevant for monolithic geodesic lens antennas as postprocessing techniques cannot be applied to reduce the surface roughness of internal part of the metallic plates. The model is validated by comparison with full-wave simulations for three different lenses: a circular flat parallel-plate waveguide (PPW), an elliptically compressed geodesic lens, and a water-drop lens. These results show a reduction in computational time by a factor of 600 using the RT model. A non-rotationally symmetric water drop lens has been manufactured in a monolithic piece using the laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) technique with successful experimental results.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024. Vol. 72, no 1, p. 234-242
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359819DOI: 10.1109/tap.2023.3319156ISI: 001203470400029Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85174858462OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-359819DiVA, id: diva2:1937120
Note

QC 20250212

Available from: 2025-02-12 Created: 2025-02-12 Last updated: 2025-02-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modeling and design of lenses combined with array antennas in the millimetre-wave regime
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling and design of lenses combined with array antennas in the millimetre-wave regime
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates the combination of array antennas with lenses to simplify the feeding networks of planar arrays in the millimeter-wave regime. Two different strategies are proposed: linear arrays of vertically stacked lenses based on parallel plate waveguide (PPW) and planar array antennas with dielectric lenses placed on top. 

Due to their large electrical size, these antennas require efficient tools to design and simulate them. In this thesis, the farfield radiation pattern is calculated using two ray tracing models that use physical optics. Both models follow three steps: calculation of ray trajectories, calculation of amplitude distribution using the ray tube theory and evaluation of farfield radiation pattern. Furthermore, these models can also calculate the radiation efficiency. For PPW-based lenses, the efficiency decreases due to the conductivity and surface roughness of the metallic plates, whereas, for dielectric lenses, the efficiency decreases due to the material absorption and reflections. 

Three PPW-based lens array antennas are presented in this thesis. First, the scanning in two planes is tested using a water drop lens array antenna and a feeding network based on a power divider and phase shifters. The antenna is manufactured in different pieces using milling. Then, a monolithic geodesic lens array antenna is designed and manufactured using additive manufacturing, which prevents leakage and misalignment between pieces. The profile of the geodesic lens requires some modifications to adapt to the manufacturing technique. Finally, a multiple-ridge lens antenna is proposed to further reduce the height profile of these antennas. Two different ridges are proposed (rectangular and trapezoidal), which are suitable for milling and additive manufacturing. This type of lens antennas can also be vertically stacked to form a linear array. 

The combination of phased array antennas and dielectric lenses is of interest in the terrestrial and satellite communications industry. Dielectric lenses can increase the gain of the array in different scanning angles or redirect grating lobes. This can help to reduce the complexity and power consumption of array feeding networks. The two designed multilayer dielectric lenses show that using other curves to define the dielectric layers provide more degrees of freedom. This together with a customized design of the lens for the specific goal helps to achieve results close to the physical limits of the lens.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker hur linser kan kombineras med gruppantenner för att förenkla plana gruppantenners matningsnät vid millimetervågsfrekvenser. Två olika strategier föreslås: linjära gruppantenner bestående av vertikalt staplade geodesiska linsantenner baserade på planvågledare (PPW) och plana gruppantenner med dielektriska linser placerade ovanpå.

På grund av antennernas betydande elektriska storlek krävs effektiva verktyg för att designa och simulera dem. Här beräknas fjärrfältets strålningsdiagram med två strålföljningmodeller som använder fysiskalisk optik. Dessa modeller följer tre steg: beräkning av strålbanor medelst geometrisk optik, beräkning av amplitudfördelning genom att kräva att energin bevara längs strålarna och slutligen utvärdering av fjärrfältets strålningsdiagram från strålbanorna och amplitudfördelningen. Vidare kan dessa modeller också beräkna antennens verkningsgrad. För de PPW-baserade linserna minskar verkningsgraden på grund av metallers begränsade ledningsförmåga och ytojämnheter i de metalliska plattorna, medan verkningsgraden för dielektriska linser minskar på grund av materialets absorption och reflektioner.

Tre PPW-baserade linsgruppantenner presenteras i denna avhandling. Först presenteras strålstyrning  i två plan i en gruppantenn av vertikalt staplade PPW-linser och ett matningsnät baserat på effektfördelare och fasvridare. Antennen tillverkas i olika delar med fräsning. Därefter designas och tillverkas en monolitisk gruppantenn med hjälp av additiv tillverkning, vilket förhindrar läckage och fellinjerning mellan olika delar. Profilen för den geodesiska linsen kräver vissa modifieringar för att anpassas till tillverkningstekniken. Slutligen föreslås en åsad linsantenn för att minska höjden av PPW-linsanten. Två olika åsar föreslås (rektangulära och trapetsformade), som är lämpliga för fräsning respektive additiv tillverkning. Denna typ av linsantenner kan staplas vertikalt för att bilda en linjär gruppanten.

Kombinationen av fasstyrda gruppantenner och dielektriska linser är av intresse för mobil- och satellitkommunikation. Dielektriska linser kan öka gruppantenners förstärkning vid olika styrvinklar eller styra gallerlober. Detta kan bidra till att minska komplexiteten och strömförbrukningen hos matningsnäten för dessa gruppantenner. De två designade dielektriska linserna visar att användandet av olika profiler för de dielektriska lagren i linsen ger fler frihetsgrader. Detta, tillsammans med en anpassad design av linsen för specifika mål, bidrar till att de uppnådda resultaten ligger nära linsens fysikaliska gränser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. iii, 50
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:15
Keywords
Array antennas, dielectric lenses, geodesic lenses, physical optics
National Category
Telecommunications
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359821 (URN)978-91-8106-178-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-14, https://kth-se.zoom.us/w/68384894801, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20250212

Available from: 2025-02-12 Created: 2025-02-12 Last updated: 2025-02-13Bibliographically approved

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