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Digitalisation, Democracy and the GDPR: The efforts of DPAs to defend democratic principles despite the limitations of the GDPR
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4820-278X
2024 (English)In: Big Data and Society, E-ISSN 2053-9517, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 1-13Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article discusses the perspectives of European Union (EU) / European Economic Area Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) on their role in protecting democratic rights and freedoms in digitalised societies. Data Protection Authorities, which are independent regulators, are responsible for implementing the EU's General Data Protection Regulation in their respective countries. The views of DPAs are important given their special role in monitoring newly emerging digital technologies and how their use may impact on the functioning of democracies. The article highlights three key themes which emerged in interviews with 18 DPAs in answer to the question about what they consider to be the greatest challenges to democratic freedoms. These are: (1) threats to elections due to the manipulation of voters; (2) discriminatory effects of automated decision-making; and (3) broader chilling effects on democratic norms due to ubiquitous surveillance. The article then analyses the solutions named by DPAs to mitigate these challenges to identify their governing, or political, rationalities. The paper finds that the solutions available to DPAs to manage democratic harms tend to emphasise individual over collective responsibility and are connected to broader currents of neoliberal governance. The paper highlights the ways in which some DPAs act as important critical voices within their respective jurisdictions to draw political attention to potentially anti-democratic effects of certain practices, such as profiling, or to the model of digitalisation as it is currently constructed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2024. Vol. 11, no 4, p. 1-13
Keywords [en]
Data Protection Authorities, GDPR, micro-targeting, automated decision-making, chilling effects, profiling
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-101957DOI: 10.1177/20539517241291815ISI: 001345638500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85207778720OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-101957DiVA, id: diva2:1904358
Note

Article part of Padden's (2024) doctoral thesis Governing Surveillance: Digitalisation, data protection and democracy as manuscript, now published.

Available from: 2024-10-09 Created: 2024-10-09 Last updated: 2024-11-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Governing Surveillance: Digitalisation, data protection and democracy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Governing Surveillance: Digitalisation, data protection and democracy
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Att styra övervakning : digitalisering, dataskydd och demokrati
Abstract [en]

In an era of rapid digital transformation, we are increasingly subject to surveillance practices, despite acknowledgement of their anti-democratic effects. How is it that surveillance practices, once condemned as corrosive to democratic rights and freedoms, are now prevalent in democratic states? 

This thesis explores this question by asking how surveillance practices are governed in regulation, policy and practice. Drawing on governmentality studies and using Carol Bacchi’s WPR (What’s the Problem Represented to Be?) approach to policy analysis, the thesis identifies ‘problem representations’ in EU/EEA digitalisation and data protection regulation. The thesis finds that data protection and digitalisation policies are shaped by neoliberal rationalities, often prioritising economic growth over fundamental rights. Moreover, surveillance practices are normalised through risk-based regulation, which legitimises practices such as profiling and scoring when deemed to have met a threshold of ‘trustworthiness’. 

To highlight the contingency of our present model of digitalisation, the thesis traces representations of surveillance practices over time, highlighting a shift from outright rejection of surveillance practices as anti-democratic to a nuanced acceptance, re-branded in terms of economic progress, public interest and individual customisation. The thesis challenges the perceived neutrality and inevitability of surveillance technologies coupled to our current model of digitalisation, opening up possibilities for resistance and alternative models.

Abstract [sv]

I en tid av snabb digital omställning utsätts vi i allt högre grad för olika former av övervakning, trots att vi är medvetna om dess antidemokratiska effekter. Hur kommer det sig att övervakning, som brukade anses som något skadligt för demokratiska fri- och rättigheter, nu har blivit någonting accepterat i demokratiska länder?

Denna avhandling utforskar den här frågan genom att undersöka hur övervakningsmetoder hanteras i demokratiska sammanhang. Med utgångspunkt i governmentalityforskning och Carol Bacchis WPR-approach för policyanalys, identifierar avhandlingen problemrepresentationer i EU/EES-digitalisering och dataskyddsreglering. En av avhandlingens huvudsakliga slutsatser är att digitaliserings- och dataskyddspolitiken är formad av nyliberala rationaliteter och prioriterar ekonomisk tillväxt framför grundläggande rättigheter. Dessutom normaliseras en övervakningspraxis genom riskbaserad reglering, och praktiker som profilering, meritering och poängsättning baserad på socialt beteende normaliseras och hanteras som tillförlitliga.

Analysen identifierar representationer av övervakning genom tiderna och spårar en förskjutning från att avvisa övervakningsmetoder som varandes antidemokratiska, till en nyansering och acceptans av övervakning utifrån argument om ekonomiska fördelar, allmänintresse och individuellt anpassade tjänster. Avhandlingen utmanar den upplevda neutraliteten och oundvikligheten hos dagens övervakningsteknologier och nuvarande modell för digitalisering, vilket öppnar upp för möjligheter till motstånd och alternativa lösningar och tillvägagångssätt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad, Sweden: Karlstads universitet, 2024. p. 149
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2024:33
Keywords
surveillance, digitalisation, data protection, GDPR, governmentality, WPR
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-101083 (URN)10.59217/wbmm7493 (DOI)978-91-7867-498-5 (ISBN)978-91-7867-499-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-10-31, Nyquistsalen 9C203, Universitetsgatan 2, Karlstad, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Article 3 part of thesis as manuscript, now published.

Cover: The image of Jakub Geltner's installation, Nest 06, is provided courtesy of the artist. Geltner is known for his distinctive installations that explore themes of urban life, architecture and the relationship between humans and their physical environments. http://www.geltner.cz/

Available from: 2024-10-09 Created: 2024-09-19 Last updated: 2024-10-28Bibliographically approved

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