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Batch Sorption Studies of Aqueous Cadmium and Lead from Contaminated Water onto Selected Biosorbents
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Makerere University, Kyambogo University. (Land and Water Resources Engineering)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0000-7328
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Groundwater, wastewater, surface runoff and surface water samples from Lake Victoria basin, Uganda was assessed for trace metals contamination. Untreated, base-treated and peroxide-treated biosorbents from Albizia coriaria, Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were investigated for removal of selected trace metals from contaminated water in batch studies. The assessed shallow groundwater and surface water was contaminated with iron and manganese. Selected speciation studies using Visual MINTEQ showed that in leachates from Municipal dumpsites 74% of the metal ions were bound to DOM, 13% were free ions and 13% were in inorganic forms moreover for urban streams 37% of the metal ions were bound to DOM, 44% were free ions and 19% were in inorganic forms. The metal levels in surface water, landfill leachate and surface runoff showed elevated levels and revealed increased risks to environmental health. Risk analysis based on the Swedish EPA showed that varied risks of negative effects in 30% – 76% of the sample sites ranging from high to increased risk in surface water whereas the results from Bio-met tool showed potential risk to toxicity effects of Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ in 15.3% - 30.8% surface water samples and 8.3% - 62.5% groundwater samples. Batch sorption studies revealed that the optimal conditions for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake were; pH 3.5 – 5.0 for contact time 3.0 – 3.5 hours and biosorbent dosage 10 – 12.5 g/L. Base-treated biosorbents showed 10 – 17 % sorption enhancement for Cd2+ ions and 1.6 – 2.3 % uptake reduction for Pb2+ ions. The biomass negative potential for binding base cations was in the order; Musa spp. > A. coriaria > E. abyssinica and base treatment reduced DOC leaching from biosorbents in the order; E. abyssinica > A. coriaria > Musa spp. Speciation studies showed that more ions were complexed to DOC in solutions at various pH levels. The maximum sorption intensities for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake onto biomass occurred for low initial metal concentration; 5 mg/L. Freundlich model best fitted data for Pb2+ ions ions uptake whereas Temkin model fitted the sorption data for Cd2+ ions onto both treated and untreated biomass. For peroxide treated biomass, the maximum sorption efficiencies for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions were between 95.2 – 98.7% for C.canephora, 79.9 – 92.2% for Musa spp. and 42.0 – 91.3% for C.papyrus in non-competitive media and 90.8 – 98.0% for C.canephora, 56.4 – 89.3% for Musa spp. and 19.5 – 90.4% for C.papyrus in competitive media. The Langmiur model fitted non-competitive sorption data with 0.769 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.999 and the Freundlich model fitted competitive sorption data with 0.867 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.989. The pseudo second order kinetic model fitted the sorption data for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for untreated, peroxide treated and base treated biomass with 0.917 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000. The sorption of trace metals was a complex potentially monolayer chemisorption with heterogeneous surface properties exhibited. In competitive sorption, sorption suppression effects observed were greater for Cd2+ than Pb2+ ions. The comparative studies on sorption performance presented agreement and no significant difference between the untreated and base treated biosorbents. 

Abstract [sv]

Kadmium och bly är föroreningar som har skadliga hälsoeffekter på ekosystem genom endera kronisk exponering för låga halter eller akut exponering från höga halter. Även om metallerna fastläggs till jordpartiklar och organiskt material så att deras förekomst i markvatten är låg, så kan de frigöras och transporteras ned till grundvattnet om jordens mättnaskapacitet uppnås eller om pH sjunker. Halterna av spårmetaller beror av naturliga källor t ex bakgrundshalter, vittring och vulkanisk aktivitet såväl som antropogena källor. Men även om naturliga källor kan bidra till förhöjda halter så är det vanligen de atropogena källor som dominerar. Ytvatten, dagvatten, lakvatten från deponier och ytligt grundvatten provtogs i Lake Victorias avrinningsområde i Uganda. Resultaten från analyser visade att grundvattnet från utvalda skyddade källor hade förhöjda halter av spårmetaller speciellt Pb2+ och anjonerna NO3-, Cl- och katjonerna Fe, Mn och K. Dagvattnet från de skyddade källornas avrinningsområde var framför allt förorenat med Pb2+. Ytvattnet från de utvalda vattendragen hade pH>7 och var förorenade med järn och mangan. Lakvattnet från en deponi innehöll höga halter av arsenik och i Lubigi channel hade höga halter av föroreningar från skrotansamlingar och bilverkstäder. Föroreningshalterna i ytvatten var relaterad till förändrade demografiska fördelningar och antropogena aktiviteter kopplade till urbanisering och industrialisering i avrinningsområdet. För att bestämma fördelning av metalljonerna i oorganisk och organisk fas i vattnet användes jämviktsmodellen Visual MINTEQ 3.1. Riskbedömningen av exponering från utvalda spårmetaller genomfördes med de Svenska bedömningsgrunderna för ytvatten och med ett Bio-met software verktyg. För utvärdering av föroreningshalterna i grundvatten användes WHO och Ugandas riktvärden.Flera konventionella reningsmetoder för att åtgärda toxiska spårmetaller i olika typer av vatten så att tillåtna koncentrationer uppnås är tillgängliga. Tyvärr så har metoderna höga installations- och drifts kostnader samt att de producerar giftiga slam avfall som måste omhändertas och inte alltid fungerar effektivt för att fastlägga spårmetaller. Då sorptionsstudier har visat att olika biomassor är effektiva för att rena vatten från spårmetaller i låga koncentrationer har de därför blivit intressanta alternativ. De biomassor som ingick i studien var avfall från odlingar av Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica, Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus och Musa spp.De valdes studien valdes ut eftersom stora kvantiteter finns tillgängliga och det saknas andra användningsområden. Experiment utfördes på biomassorna för att karakterisera de strukturella komponenter som bidrar till bindningen av metall joner, konkurrerande katjoner, katjonbyteskapaciteten, materialens effektivitet och verkningsgrad för fastläggning av utvalda spårmetaller. Biomaterialen behandlades med natriumhydroxid och väteperoxid och fastläggningen före och efter behandlingen jämfördes. För bestämning av de vattenlösliga oorganiska komponenterna i lakvatten användes ICP-MS och de fasta strukturella beståndsdelarna analyserades med XRD. Med jämvikts- och kinetiska skakförsök utvärderas biomassorna förmåga att fastlägga kadmium och bly i förorenat vatten. Lakvattnet från skakförsöken analyserades för DOC och spårmetaller och data från experimenten anpassades till kinetiska modeller och isotermer. Resultaten visade att behandlingen med natriumhydroxid ökade fastläggningen till biomassorna i högre grad än väteperoxidbehandlingen. En Pseudo-second-order kinetisk modell och Langmuir isoterm hade god anpassning till data från experimenten med enskilda metaller, medan Freundlich isotherm passade bättre när fler joner konkurrerade om sorptions ytorna. Den underliggande mekanismen är troligen chemisorption som förekommer i ett monolager men som har heterogena ytegenskaper. Experiment med lösningar som innehöll både bly och kadmium visade att blyupptaget överskred upptaget av kadmium vilket indikerar att affiniteten är högre för bly än för kadmium. Även om det fortfarande finns osäkerheter så visar resultaten från studien att de undersökta biomassorna är lovande åtgärdsmaterial för att fastlägga Cd och Pb i förorenat naturligt vatten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. , p. 71
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLTTRITA-ABE-DLT ; 1935
Keywords [en]
Biosorbents, cadmium, competitive uptake, Freundlich, pseudo-second-order kinetics, Langmuir, lead, remediation, risks, speciation, toxicity effects
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259921ISBN: 978-91-7873-287-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-259921DiVA, id: diva2:1353715
Public defence
2019-10-25, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, STOCKHOLM, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Note

QC 20190926

Available from: 2019-09-26 Created: 2019-09-23 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda
2019 (English)In: Journal of Environmental and Public health, ISSN 1687-9805, E-ISSN 1687-9813, article id 6734017Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The levels, speciation of elements, and toxicity of selected trace metals as well as other parameters in selected surface water, shallow groundwater sources, landfill leachate, and associated surface runoff in the Lake Victoria basin, Uganda, were studied. The WHO guidelines, Ugandan standards, Canadian guidelines and Swedish EPA were used for assessment. The shallow groundwater was acidic with pH values below 6.5. The pH, dissolved organic carbon, flouride, and sulphate levels for all springs were below the guideline values although 52.8% was contaminated with nitrates while 39% was contaminated with chloride ions. Some surface water samples had levels of major elements, such as iron, chromium, aluminium, and manganese, above the guideline values. Speciation studies showed that 74% of the metal ions was bound to dissolved organic matter in surface water, whereas in landfill leachates, the dominant ionic species was metal hydroxides or fulvic acid bound. Risk analysis based on the Swedish EPA showed varied risks of negative effects in 30%-76% of the sample sites ranging from high to increased risk in surface water, whereas the results from modelling sorption data using the Bio-met tool showed potential risk to toxicity effects of Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ in 15.3%-30.8% surface water samples and 8.3%-62.5% groundwater samples.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2019
National Category
Earth Observation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254129 (URN)10.1155/2019/6734017 (DOI)000470176900001 ()31239843 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85066991774 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190620

Available from: 2019-06-20 Created: 2019-06-20 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
2. Kinetic studies of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions biosorption from aqueous media using untreated and chemically treated biosorbents
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinetic studies of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions biosorption from aqueous media using untreated and chemically treated biosorbents
2014 (English)In: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, ISSN 1606-9749, E-ISSN 1607-0798, Vol. 69, no 11, p. 2230-2236Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Untreated and chemically treated Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were studied in batch for uptake of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions at pH 2.0–9.0 and agitation time; 30–390 min. Optimum biosorption conditions were; pH 4 for Pb2+ ions and pH 5 for Cd2+ ions, contact time was 3.5 hours at 24 ± 1 °C for 10 mg/L biosorbent dosage and initial metal ions concentration of 20 mg/L. Chemical treatment had a 10–17% biosorption efficiency enhancement for Cd2+ ions and a 1.6–2.3% reduction effect for Pb2+ ions. The sorption capacities for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for treated biosorbents were between 1.760–1.738 mg g−1 compared to 1.415–1.539 mg g−1 for untreated materials. The pseudo second order model suitably fitted the Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption data with regression coefficients (R2) between 0.9784–0.9999. Fitting of the Ho model to the experimental data showed that the biosorption mechanism for both metal ions studied was mainly a chemisorption process. Therefore, treated A. coriaria, E. abyssinica and Musa spp were potential biosorbents for remediation of Cd2+ ions and the untreated materials suitable for removing Pb2+ ions from contaminated aqueous media.

Keywords
biosorbents, cadmium, chemical treatment, chemisorption, kinetics, lead
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144998 (URN)10.2166/wst.2014.147 (DOI)000338991400007 ()24901616 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84902338542 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20150623

Available from: 2014-05-05 Created: 2014-05-05 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved
3. Characterisation and application of untreated and base-treated biosorbents from Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp. in the uptake of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions from contaminated water
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterisation and application of untreated and base-treated biosorbents from Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp. in the uptake of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions from contaminated water
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The barks of Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica and peels of Musa spp. were studied in batch for removal of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions at pH 4.5, agitation time 3.0 hours for 10 g/L biomass dosage. The biosorbents’ surfaces contained an array of heterogeneous sorption sites for metal ions. The trace metals in the biomass were in trace amounts.Results form XRD showed that organic species in the biosorbent surfaces were electron rich species expected to play part in the metal ions uptake. The biomass negative potential for binding base cations was in the order; Musa spp. > A. coriaria > E. abyssinica and base treatment reduced DOC leaching from the biosorbents in the order; E. abyssinica > A. coriaria > Musa spp. Speciation studies showed that more ions were complexed to DOC in solutions at various pH levels. The maximum sorption intensities for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake onto biomass was highest for lowest initial metal concentration; 5 mg/L. Musa spp had the highest soprtion performance for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. Freundlich model best fitted data for Pb2+ ions uptake whereas Temkin model fitted the sorption data for Cd2+ ions onto both treated and untreated biomass.

Keywords
Trace metals, biosorbents, speciation, equilibrium models, organic species
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259919 (URN)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Note

QC 20190926

Available from: 2019-09-23 Created: 2019-09-23 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Competitive and Noncompetitive Batch Sorption Studies of Aqueous Cd(II) and Pb(II) Uptake onto Coffea canephora Husks, Cyperus papyrus Stems, and Musa spp. Peels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Competitive and Noncompetitive Batch Sorption Studies of Aqueous Cd(II) and Pb(II) Uptake onto Coffea canephora Husks, Cyperus papyrus Stems, and Musa spp. Peels
2015 (English)In: Journal of Chemistry, ISSN 2090-9063, E-ISSN 2090-9071, article id 696098Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus, and Musa spp. were studied for competitive and noncompetitive removal of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+. The optimal conditions were pH 4.5 and agitation time 3.0 hours. Biomass constituent ions showed no interference effects whereas cation exchange capacity values corresponded to the sorption efficiencies. XRD spectroscopy revealed surface oxygen and nitrogen groups that provide binding sites for metal ions. The maximum sorption efficiency ranges for metal ions in noncompetitive media were 95.2-98.7% for C. canephora, 42.0-91.3% for C. papyrus, and 79.9-92.2% for Musa spp. and in competitive sorption 90.8-98.0% for C. canephora, 19.5-90.4% for C. papyrus, and 56.4-89.3% for Musa spp. The Pb2+ ions uptake was superior to that of Cd2+ ions in competitive and noncompetitive media. In competitive sorption synergistic effects were higher for Cd2+ than Pb2+ ions. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted experimental data with 0.917 <= R-2 >= 1.000 for Pb2+ ions and 0.711 <= R-2 >= 0.999 for Cd2+ ions. The Langmuir model fitted noncompetitive sorption data with 0.769 <= R-2 >= 0.999; moreover the Freundlich model fitted competitive sorption data with 0.867 <= R-2 >= 0.989. Noncompetitive sorption was monolayer chemisorption whereas competitive sorption exhibited heterogeneous sorption mechanisms.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015
Keywords
Metal-Ions, Activated Carbon, Biosorption, Adsorption, Removal, Waste, Bark, Cd2+
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176995 (URN)10.1155/2015/696098 (DOI)000363184100001 ()2-s2.0-84945328474 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Note

QC 20151116

Available from: 2015-11-16 Created: 2015-11-13 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved

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