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The Effect of Bank Branch Closure on New Firm Formation: The Swedish Case
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3489-217X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8205-5918
2020 (English)In: The annals of regional science, ISSN 0570-1864, E-ISSN 1432-0592, Vol. 65, no 2, p. 319-350Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, the effect of local bank branch closures on new firm formation in Sweden is analysed using a panel database that captures the geographical locations of all Swedish bank branches in 2007 and 2013. The previous research has shown that the further a firm is located away from the bank, the higher the monitoring costs will be for the banks. Furthermore, an increase in the distance to the banks will also increase information asymmetry because of the banks’ eroded ability to collect and analyse soft information. Due to the high risks associated with the lack of information and uncertainty, banks might not be as willing to extend credits to a distant firm compared to a nearby firm. Using spatial econometric analysis at a municipal level, it is shown that bank proximity to firms, unemployment rate, industry structures, income growth, change in housing price and percentage of immigrants are vital for new firm formation in Sweden. From the spatial Durbin model with fixed effects, an increase in the weighted distance to the nearest bank branches is shown to affect new firm formation negatively.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2020. Vol. 65, no 2, p. 319-350
Keywords [en]
New firm formation · Bank Branch · Spatial analysis · Financing
National Category
Economics and Business
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259723DOI: 10.1007/s00168-020-00986-4ISI: 000562504200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85081640268OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-259723DiVA, id: diva2:1353248
Note

QC 20191111

Correction in: The annals of regional science, ISSN 0570-1864, EISSN 1432-0592, Volume 68, Issue 3, Pages 817, WOS:000710378300001, DOI: 10.1007/s00168-021-01083-w

Available from: 2019-09-21 Created: 2019-09-21 Last updated: 2024-01-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bank branches and Entrepreneurship: A spatial analysis of new firm formation in Swedish regions and industries in a changing financial landscape
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bank branches and Entrepreneurship: A spatial analysis of new firm formation in Swedish regions and industries in a changing financial landscape
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how bank branch closure has affected the formation of new firms and to explore the varying local relationships between the accessibility of bank branches and new firm formation in 290 Swedish municipalities. In the first paper, the effect of bank branch closure is examined through spatial econometric analysis, in particular, the fixed effects and the random effects spatial panel models. The findings of the first paper show that an increase in the weighted distance to the nearest bank branches due to bank branch closure negatively affects new firm formation, based on the random effects spatial panel model. The analysis also shows that spatial effects should be included in the analysis due to spill-over effects from neighbouring municipalities. In the second paper, the varying relationships between new firm formation and its determinants in 290 Swedish municipalities are examined through Geographically weighted regression (GWR). Mostly positive relationships with new firm formation are shown for firm density, human capital level, industry diversification level and percentage of immigrants living in the area. In contrast, mostly negative relationships are shown for weighted mean distance to the nearest bank branches, establishment size, unemployment rate, industry specialization. Spatially constrained multivariate clustering is also applied to group municipalities with similar conditions. Patterns in the industry composition and the location attributes are analysed for each cluster.

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med denna avhandling är att analysera hur nedläggningen av bankkontorpåverkar frekvensen av nystartade företag och undersöker sambandet mellannystartsfrekvens och avståndet till närmaste bankkontor i Sveriges 290 kommuner.I avhandlingens första artikel studeras effekten av kontorsnedläggelse genom enrumslig ekonometrisk analys och rumsliga panel modeller. Resultaten visar att enökning av avståndet till närmaste bankkontor har en negativ påverkan pånyföretagandet. Vidare ger analysen vid handen att spatiala effekter bör inkluderasi analysen då det förekommer spill-over effekter från närliggande kommuner. Iavhandlingens andra artikel undersöks hur frekvensen av nystartade företag iSveriges 290 kommuner påverkas av ett antal olika faktorer, med hjälp av engeografiskt viktad regressionsmodell. Analysen visar att antalet befintliga företag,humankapital, näringslivets diversifiering, samt andelen invandrare, har ett positivtsamband med nystartsfrekvensen. Däremot finns det ett negativt samband mellannystartsfrekvens och avståndet till närmaste bankkontor, storleken bland debefintliga företagen, arbetslöshet och näringslivets specialisering. En multivariatklusteranalys har också genomförts där kommunerna fördelats över kluster medliknande egenskaper, där de ingående kommunerna har liknande förutsättningaroch strukturer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. p. 48
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 1936
Keywords
New firm formation, entrepreneurship, financing, bank branches, proximity, spatial analysis, GWR, Sweden
National Category
Economics and Business
Research subject
Business Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259725 (URN)978-91-7873-291-3 (ISBN)
Presentation
2019-10-15, Bora Bora, Teknikringen 10B, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20190923

Available from: 2019-09-23 Created: 2019-09-21 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Accessibility to bank branches and entrepreneurial dynamics: New firm formation and capital structure of SMEs in Sweden amidst a changing banking landscape
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Accessibility to bank branches and entrepreneurial dynamics: New firm formation and capital structure of SMEs in Sweden amidst a changing banking landscape
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The overall objective of this thesis is to develop a better understanding of the impact of accessibility to bank branches on new firm formation and on the capital structure of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Sweden. In this thesis, the accessibility to bank branches is measured by two proxies that are weighted by two different types of population—the labour population and the firm population. By weighing the distance by the population, the accessibility to bank branch measures account for the distribution of the population within the municipality. Furthermore, spatial effects are included in the models in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 to account for the possibility that entrepreneurs in a municipality may travel to obtain financial services from the banks in neighbouring municipalities. The analysis in Chapter 2 provides no evidence that the relationship between the distance to banks and new firm formation varies spatially. This means that the accessibility to bank branches has a negative association with new firm formation, regardless of the location. The findings in Chapter 3 show that an increase in the weighted mean distance to the nearest bank branches negatively affects new firm formation. The findings in Chapter 4 also show that the effects of the accessibility to the bank branches’ proxy weighted by the labour population have a negative effect on new firm formation in the ‘education, health, and others’ industry, while the effects of the accessibility to bank branches’ proxy weighted by the firm population have a negative effect on new firm formation in capital- intensive industries, such as manufacturing, transport and communications, and education, health, and others industries. The final chapter focuses on the impact of the accessibility to bank branches on the capital structure of SMEs. The findings show that an increase in the distance to the bank branch has a significant negative impact on the total and short-term leverage of SMEs. Overall, the results of this thesis are relevant to various stakeholders, such as policy-makers, in making finance more accessible to current and prospective entrepreneurs. For example, the lack of accessibility to government loans and grants, especially in rural regions, is making some regions vulnerable to becoming bank deserts. The existing infrastructures in a municipality, such as the supermarket, can also help to take over some services the closed bank branches previously provided, such as cash deposits and short-term loans. 

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med denna avhandling är att skapa en bättre förståelse för effekterna av den förändrade tillgängligheten till bankkontor på frekvensen av nystartade företag och kapitalstrukturen i små och medelstora företag i Sverige. I denna avhandling mäts tillgängligheten till bankkontor med två variabler som viktas av två olika typer av populationer—arbetskraftsbefolkning respektive populationen av företag. Genom att vikta avståndet med befolkningen tas hänsyn till tillgängligheten till bankkontor för befolkningens fördelning inom kommunen. Dessutom ingår rumsliga effekter i modellerna i kapitel 2, 3 och 4 för att analysera möjligheten att företagare i en kommun kan resa för att få tillgång till finansiella tjänster från banker i grannkommuner. Analysen i kapitel 2 ger inga bevis för att sambandet mellan avståndet till banker och frekvensen av nystartade företag är rumsligt varierande, vilket innebär att tillgängligheten till bankkontor har ett negativt samband med nystartsfrekvensen, oavsett lokalisering. Resultaten i kapitel 3 tyder på att en ökning av det vägda medelavståndet till närmaste bankkontor påverkar nystartsfrekvensen negativt. Vidare visar resultaten i kapitel 4 också på att effekterna av tillgängligheten till bankkontoren viktad av arbetskraftsbefolkningen har en negativ påverkan på nystartsfrekvensen av företag inom sektorn 'utbildning och hälsa', medan effekterna av tillgängligheten till bankkontorens viktad av populationen av företag har en negativ påverkan på nystartsfrekvensen inom kapitalintensiva sektorer såsom tillverkningssektorn, transporter och kommunikationer, samt utbildning och hälsa. Det sista kapitlet fokuserar på hur tillgängligheten till bankkontor påverkar små och medelstora företags kapitalstruktur. Resultaten visar att en ökning av avståndet till bankkontoren har en signifikant negativ inverkan på de små och medelstora företagens totala och kortsiktiga skuldsättning. Resultatet av denna avhandling är relevant för olika intressenter som politiska beslutsfattare när det gäller att göra finansiering mer tillgänglig för nuvarande och blivande entreprenörer. Till exempel genom statliga lån, garantier och bidrag, särskilt i landsbygden som är sårbara för en minskad banknärvaro. Den befintliga infrastrukturen i kommunen som exempelvis livsmedelshandeln kan också hjälpa till att ta över vissa tjänster som det stängda bankkontoret brukade tillhandahålla så som kontantinsättning och kortfristiga lån. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 78
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2146
Keywords
New firm formation, entrepreneurship, capital structure, leverage, financing, bank branches, proximity, spatial analysis, Sweden, Startup, entreprenörskap, kapitalstruktur, finansiering, bankkontor, närhet, spatialanalys, Sverige
National Category
Business Administration
Research subject
Business Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305224 (URN)978-91-8040-076-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-20, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65004680159, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 211125

Available from: 2021-11-25 Created: 2021-11-23 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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