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Geochemical and mineralogical laboratory methods in waste rock drainage quality prediction
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. Geological Survey of Finland GTK.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9034-3880
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Harmful substances containing acid or neutral rock drainages (ARD and NRD) are a major challenge related to the management of extractive industry wastes. This issue is particularly related to deposits containing sulphide minerals, which are prone to oxidization under the influence of atmospheric oxygen and water. The drainage quality depends mainly on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the extractive wastes, and especially on the ratio of acid-producing and neutralizing minerals, combined with reactions catalysed by microbes. Since harmful drainages play a major role in the generation of environmental issues for extractive industry, the accurate prediction of the drainage quality is of utmost importance. To design appropriate extractive waste facilities and drainage management, the characterisation of extractive wastes and assessment of the behaviour of the waste material is essential already before the actual mining activities start.

Several methods have been developed to characterize extractive waste materials and to predict their short and long term behaviour, including e.g. geochemical laboratory tests, static tests and longer term kinetic tests, and geochemical modelling. The characterisation methods for assessing the ARD risk can be divided into static and kinetic tests. Static tests are short term laboratory analyses, usually used for preliminary investigation and screening. Kinetic tests are longer term tests, revealing information on the time scale of drainage events. Commonly used static tests for ARD prediction include acid–base accounting (ABA) tests and the net acid generation (NAG) test. Since acid and neutralisation potential largely depend on the ratio and quality of acid-producing and neutralizing minerals, mineralogical calculations could also be used for ARD prediction. The mobility of potentially harmful substances from extractive waste can be preliminary assessed using different geochemical laboratory tests, including selective extraction and leaching methods. The most commonly used selective extraction method in Finland is the aqua regia (AR) extraction. In addition to some silicates and secondary precipitate minerals, it is intended to dissolve elements bound especially to sulphide phases. A less commonly used method for element mobility prediction is the analysis of the single addition NAG test leachate.

In this study, several Finnish waste rock sites were investigated and the performances of different preliminary drainage quality test methods evaluated and compared. The assessed acid production potential methods included the ABA test as presented in the standard EN 15875, the single addition NAG test as presented in the AMIRA guidebook, and a SEM mineralogy-based calculation. The assessed methods for element mobility prediction included the single addition NAG test leachate analysis and the AR extraction.

According to the results, pyrrhotite seems to be the main mineral contributing to acid production, and the silicate minerals the main contributors to the neutralisation potential at the most Finnish waste rock sites. Since silicate minerals appear to have a significant role in ARD prevention, the behaviour of these minerals in mining environment should be more thoroughly investigated. In the investigated Finnish waste rocks, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni often occurred as elevated concentrations, and the most widely abundant harmful elements in the waste rock drainages were Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The results suggest that an acid production prediction based on SEM mineralogical calculation is at least as accurate as the commonly used static laboratory methods. The AR extraction indicates well which elements might occur as elevated concentrations in the drainage. Also the NAG test leachate analysis performed well in element mobility assessment, but only when the NAG test leachate was sufficiently acidic, the leachate pH being below of 3-6, depending on the element of interest.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2019.
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
Keywords [en]
Extractive waste characterisation, drainage water, ARD, NRD, ABA test, NAG test, SEM
National Category
Geochemistry
Research subject
Applied Geochemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75747ISBN: 978-91-7790-429-8 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7790-430-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-75747DiVA, id: diva2:1346855
Presentation
2019-10-23, E246, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187, Luleå, 11:29 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-08-29 Created: 2019-08-29 Last updated: 2021-05-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Comparison of static and mineralogical ARD prediction methods in the Nordic environment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of static and mineralogical ARD prediction methods in the Nordic environment
2018 (English)In: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, ISSN 0167-6369, E-ISSN 1573-2959, Vol. 190, no 12, article id 719Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Acid rock drainage (ARD) is a major problem related to the management of mining wastes, especially concerning deposits containing sulphide minerals. Commonly used tests for ARD prediction include acid–base accounting (ABA) tests and the net acid generation (NAG) test. Since drainage quality largely depends on the ratio and quality of acid-producing and neutralising minerals, mineralogical calculations could also be used for ARD prediction. In this study, several Finnish waste rock sites were investigated and the performance of different static ARD test methods was evaluated and compared. At the target mine sites, pyrrhotite was the main mineral contributing to acid production (AP). Silicate minerals were the main contributors to the neutralisation potential (NP) at 60% of the investigated mine sites. Since silicate minerals appear to have a significant role in ARD generation at Finnish mine waste sites, the behaviour of these minerals should be more thoroughly investigated, especially in relation to the acid produced by pyrrhotite oxidation. In general, the NP of silicate minerals appears to be underestimated by laboratory measurements. For example, in the NAG test, the slower-reacting NP-contributing minerals might require a longer time to react than is specified in the currently used method. The results suggest that ARD prediction based on SEM mineralogical calculations is at least as accurate as the commonly used static laboratory methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018
Keywords
ABA test, NAG test, SEM, Waste rock, Risk assessment
National Category
Geochemistry
Research subject
Applied Geochemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71593 (URN)10.1007/s10661-018-7096-2 (DOI)000450098200002 ()30426238 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85056501281 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-11-15 (johcin)

Available from: 2018-11-15 Created: 2018-11-15 Last updated: 2022-02-11Bibliographically approved
2. A Test of Two Methods for Waste Rock Drainage Quality Prediction: Aqua Regia Extraction and Single-addition Net-acid Generation Test Leachate Analysis: [两种废矿石排水质量预测方法: 王水提取法和单添加净产酸实验 (NAG) 滤出液分析法] [Ein Test von zwei Methoden zur Qualitätsvorhersage von Haldensickerwässern: Königswasseraufschluss und Sickerwasseranalyse über den Nettosäurebildungspotentialtest bei einmaliger Zugabe]
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Test of Two Methods for Waste Rock Drainage Quality Prediction: Aqua Regia Extraction and Single-addition Net-acid Generation Test Leachate Analysis: [两种废矿石排水质量预测方法: 王水提取法和单添加净产酸实验 (NAG) 滤出液分析法] [Ein Test von zwei Methoden zur Qualitätsvorhersage von Haldensickerwässern: Königswasseraufschluss und Sickerwasseranalyse über den Nettosäurebildungspotentialtest bei einmaliger Zugabe]
2021 (English)In: Mine Water and the Environment, ISSN 1025-9112, E-ISSN 1616-1068, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 736-751Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The mobility of contaminants from mine waste can be assessed using different extraction methods. Aqua regia (AR) extraction is the most commonly used method in Finland. Another method is the analysis of leachate from net acid generation (NAG) tests, which is primarily designed for acid production potential assessment. We investigated the performance of single-addition NAG test leachate analysis and AR extraction in drainage quality prediction, using waste rock and drainage water samples from several Finnish waste rock sites. Our objective was to improve interpretation of the AR and single-addition NAG test leachate analysis results in drainage quality prediction. The AR extraction effectively reflected elements that occurred in elevated concentrations in drainage water, though it over-predicted Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, and Ni in some circumneutral drainages, and Cr in general. The single-addition NAG test leachate analysis also performed well in assessing the mobility of contaminants including Al and Cr at acid mine drainage sites. As the contaminants tend to precipitate in neutral NAG test solution, the usability of the method in neutral mine drainage cases should be further investigated. Furthermore, the conclusions presented in this study are limited to waste rock samples collected from the surface of piles; future work will examine waste rock history, dump cores, drainage quality changes, etc. in more detail.

Abstract [zh]

矿山固体废物所含污染物的活性迁移特征可通过不同提取方法进行评估。在芬兰, 王水提取是最普遍使用方法。另一种是净产酸实验 (NAG) 浸出液分析法, 该实验主要为产酸潜力评估而设计。利用芬兰几个废石场的废矿石和排水水样, 研究了单添加NAG实验滤出液分析法和王水 (AR) 提取法用于预测排水质量的能力。研究旨在改善AR提取法和单添加NAG滤出液分析法进行排水质量预测的解释水平。王水提取 (AR) 能够有效地反映排水可能出现的高浓度元素, 但它会过高预测近中性排水中的Al、As、Cd、Co、Cu和Ni, 普遍过高预测Cr。单添加NAG滤出液分析法也可以较好地评价污染物迁移特征, 包括酸性矿山废水条件的Al和Cr。但是, 当污染物在中性NAG试验溶液中有沉淀倾向时, 应当进一步考虑方法此时的适用性。另外, 所得结论仅限于从矸石堆表面采集的废石样品, 未来工作将更详细地研究废石堆积历史、矸石堆内部情形、排水质量变化等。

Abstract [de]

Die Mobilität von Schadstoffen aus Bergbauabfällen kann mit verschiedenen Extraktionsmethoden bewertet werden. Der Königswasseraufschluss (AR) ist die in Finnland am häufigsten verwendete Methode. Eine weitere Methode ist die Analyse von Sickerwasser aus Tests zur Netto-Säureerzeugung (NAG), die in erster Linie zur Bewertung des Säurebildungspotenzials vorgesehen ist. Untersucht wurden die Leistungsfähigkeit der Sickerwasseranalyse mit Einzelzugabe von NAG-Tests und die der AR-Extraktion bei der Vorhersage der Sickerwasserqualität von taubem Gestein und Drainagewasserproben von mehreren finnischen Bergehalden. Ziel war es, die Interpretation der Ergebnisse der AR- und Single-Addition-NAG-Testsickerwasseranalyse und der Single-Addition-NAG-Testsickerwasseranalyse bei der Vorhersage der Sickerwasserqualität zu verbessern. Die AR-Extraktion spiegelte effektiv Elemente wider, die in erhöhten Konzentrationen im Sickerwasser auftraten, obwohl sie Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu und Ni in einigen pH-neutralen Sickerwässern und Cr im allgemeinen überbewertet hat. Die NAG-Testsickerwasseranalyse mit einer einzigen Zugabe zeigte ebenfalls gute Ergebnisse bei der Beurteilung der Mobilität von Schadstoffen einschließlich Al und Cr, allerdings nur, wenn das Sickerwasser sauer war. Da die Schadstoffe dazu neigen, in neutraler NAG-Testlösung auszufallen, sollte die Anwendbarkeit der Methode in neutralen Grubenwässern weiter untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus beschränken sich die in dieser Studie vorgestellten Schlussfolgerungen auf Proben von taubem Gestein, die von den Oberflächen der Halden entnommen wurden. Zukünftige Arbeiten werden das Langzeitverhalten des tauben Gesteins, Haldenbohrkerne, Änderungen der Sickerwasserqualität usw. genauer untersuchen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
Keywords
Mine waste characterization, Drainage water, NAG test, ARD, NRD
National Category
Geochemistry
Research subject
Applied Geochemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84612 (URN)10.1007/s10230-021-00784-0 (DOI)000652980200001 ()2-s2.0-85106424095 (Scopus ID)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-09-29 (alebob);

Artikeln har tidigare förekommit som manuskript i avhandling.;

Funder: Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes)

Available from: 2021-05-24 Created: 2021-05-24 Last updated: 2022-02-11Bibliographically approved

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