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Phase transitions and phase frustration in multicomponent superconductors
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Condensed Matter Theory.
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Multicomponent superconductors described by several complex matter fields have properties radically different from those of their single-component counterparts. Examples include partially ordered phases and spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry due to frustration between Josephson-coupled components. Recent experimental results make such symmetry breaking a topic of central interest in superconductivity. Multicomponent gauge theories appear as effective theories e.g. for quantum antiferromagnets, and are thus of interest well beyond superconductivity. The nature of the phase transitions in these models is of great importance in modern physics, and yet remains poorly understood. These models and phenomena are studied theoretically in this thesis, mainly using large-scale Monte Carlo simulations.Superconducting s+is states have recently been described for superconductors with N = 3 components. The novelty of these states is that they break time-reversal symmetry due to frustration of interband couplings. In the first paper, we consider whether there can be new states in N-component Ginzburg-Landau models with bilinear Josephson couplings when N >= 4. We find that these models have new states associated with accidental continuous ground-state degeneracies. Also, we show that the possible combinations of signs of the couplings can for any N be divided into equivalence classes in a way that is related to the graph-theoretical concept of Seidel switching.In the second paper, we consider fluctuation effects in models of SU(N) symmetric superconductors. We demonstrate that there is a novel type of paired phase that is given by proliferation of non-topological vortices for N = 3 and 4, and that despite the absence of topologically stable vortices these systems form vortex lattices in external magnetic field; these lattices involve structures that are not simply hexagonal and differ between components.In the third paper, we consider fluctuation effects in London models of U(1)^N symmetric superconductors. These models are of central interest due to the theory of deconfined quantum criticality, according to which such gauge theories may describe phase transitions beyond the Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson paradigm. The direct transitions from fully ordered to fully disordered phases have been reported to be continuous for N = 1 and N = 183, and discontinuous for N = 2. The nature of the phase transitions for small N is an outstanding open question. We demonstrate that the degree of discontinuity of the direct transitions increases with N, at least for small N, and that the transitions from paired phases to fully disordered phases can be discontinuous. Both these results are in contrast to previous expectations.In the fourth and final paper, we report the first experimental observation of a state of matter that has an order parameter that is fourth order in fermionic fields: a bosonic Z_2 metal, in which time-reversal symmetry is broken due to partial ordering of Cooper pairs despite superconducting order being absent. By considering fluctuation effects in phase-frustrated three-component Ginzburg-Landau models, we place constraints on the models used to describe the material in question. Also, we give an example of this anomalous state occurring in a type-2 Ginzburg-Landau model in external magnetic field, despite it not occurring in this model in the absence of external field.

Abstract [sv]

Multikomponentsupraledare beskrivna av flera komplexa materiefält har egenskaper radikalt olika de hos deras motsvarigheter med en komponent. Exempel på detta är delvis ordnade faser samt spontan brytning av tidsinversionssymmetri på grund av frustration mellan Josephsonkopplade komponenter. Nya experimentella resultat gör sådan symmetribrytning till ett ämne av centralt intresse inom supraledning. Gaugeteorier med flera komponenter förekommer som effektiva teorier exempelvis för kvantmekaniska antiferromagneter, och är således av intresse väl bortom supraledning. Egenskaperna hos fasövergångarna i dessa modeller är av stor betydelse inom modern fysik, men förblir ändå bristfälligt förstådda. Dessa modeller och fenomen studeras teoretiskt i denna avhandling, främst genom storskaliga Monte Carlo-simuleringar.Supraledande s+is-tillstånd har nyligen beskrivits för supraledare med N = 3 komponenter. Det nya med dessa tillstånd är att de bryter tidsinversionssymmetri på grund av frustrerade kopplingar mellan komponenter. I den första artikeln betraktar vi huruvida det kan finnas nya tillstånd i Ginzburg-Landau-modeller med N komponenter och bilinjära Josephsonkopplingar då N >= 4. Vi finner att dessa modeller har nya tillstånd förknippade med kontinuerliga grundtillståndsdegenerationer som inte ges av en symmetri. Vi visar också att de möjliga kombinationerna av tecken på kopplingarna kan för godtyckligt N delas in i ekvivalensklasser på ett sätt som är relaterat till det grafteoretiska begreppet Seidel-växling.I den andra artikeln betraktar vi fluktuationseffekter hos modeller av SU(N)-symmetriska supraledare. Vi visar att det finns en ny typ av parad fas som ges av mångfaldigande av icke-topologiska virvlar för N = 3 och 4, samt att trots avsaknaden av topologiskt stabila virvlar kan dessa system bilda virvelgitter i externt magnetfält; dessa gitter är inte enkla hexagonala gitter och skiljer sig åt mellan komponenter.In den tredje artikeln betraktar vi fluktuationseffekter hos Londonmodeller av U(1)^N-symmetriska supraledare. Dessa modeller är av centralt intresse på grund av teorin om frigjord kvantkritikalitet, enligt vilken sådana gaugeteorier kan beskriva fasövergångar bortom Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson-paradigmet. De direkta övergångarna från helt ordnade till oordnade faser har rapporterats vara kontinuerliga för N = 1 och N = 183, och diskontinuerliga för N = 2. Egenskaperna hos fasövergångarna för små N är en öppen fråga. Vi visar att graden av diskontinuitet ökar med N, åtminstone för små N, samt att övergångarna från parade faser till helt oordnade faser kan vara diskontinuerliga. Både dessa resultat står i kontrast till tidigare förväntningar.I den fjärde och sista artikeln rapporterar vi den första experimentella observationen av ett materietillstånd med en ordningsparameter av fjärde ordningen i fermioniska fält: en bosonisk Z_2-metall, i vilken tidsinversionssymmetri är bruten på grund av partiellt ordnade Cooperpar trots att supraledande ordning saknas. Genom att betrakta fluktuationseffekter hos fasfrustrerade Ginzburg-Landau-modeller med tre komponenter begränsar vi de modeller som kan användas för att beskriva materialet i fråga. Vi ger även ett exempel på förekomsten av denna atypiska fas i en typ-2 Ginzburg-Landau modell i yttre magnetfält, trots frånvaron av denna fas i avsaknad av yttre fält.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2019:40
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256579OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-256579DiVA, id: diva2:1346755
Public defence
2019-09-27, FB52, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-09-02 Created: 2019-08-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Classification of ground states and normal modes for phase-frustrated multicomponent superconductors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Classification of ground states and normal modes for phase-frustrated multicomponent superconductors
2013 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 88, no 21, p. 214507-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We classify ground states and normal modes for n-component superconductors with frustrated intercomponent Josephson couplings, focusing on n=4. The results should be relevant not only to multiband superconductors, but also to Josephson-coupled multilayers and Josephson-junction arrays. It was recently discussed that three-component superconductors can break time-reversal symmetry as a consequence of phase frustration. We discuss how to classify frustrated superconductors with an arbitrary number of components. Although already for the four-component case there are a large number of different combinations of phase-locking and phase-antilocking Josephson couplings, we establish that there are a much smaller number of equivalence classes where properties of frustrated multicomponent superconductors can be mapped to each other. This classification is related to the graph-theoretical concept of Seidel switching. Numerically, we calculate ground states, normal modes, and characteristic length scales for the four-component case. We report conditions of appearance of new accidental continuous ground-state degeneracies.

Keywords
2-Band Superconductors, Number
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139452 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.88.214507 (DOI)000328676900006 ()2-s2.0-84890612513 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council
Note

QC 20140115

Available from: 2014-01-15 Created: 2014-01-13 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Vortices and composite order in SU(N) theories coupled to Abelian gauge field
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vortices and composite order in SU(N) theories coupled to Abelian gauge field
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256571 (URN)
Note

QC 20190909

Available from: 2019-08-29 Created: 2019-08-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Phase transitions in U(1)N lattice London models
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Phase transitions in U(1)N lattice London models
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256575 (URN)
Note

QC 20190909

Available from: 2019-08-29 Created: 2019-08-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Bosonic Z2 metal: Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry due to Cooper pairing in the resistive state of Ba1−xKxFe2As2
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bosonic Z2 metal: Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry due to Cooper pairing in the resistive state of Ba1−xKxFe2As2
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256577 (URN)
Note

QC 20190903

Available from: 2019-08-29 Created: 2019-08-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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