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Users' activities for using Open Government Data: A process framework
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Information Systems and Digitalization. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, Mittuniversitetet, Sweden.
2019 (English)In: Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, ISSN 1750-6166, E-ISSN 1750-6174, Vol. 3, no 3/4, p. 213-236Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose - This research aims to develop a user process framework with activities and their variations for the use of open government data (OGD) based on empirical material and previous research. Open government data (OGD) is interoperable data that is shared by public organisations (publishers) for anyone (users) to reuse without restrictions to create new digital products and services. The user process was roughly identified in previous research but lacks an in-depth description. This lack can hamper the ability to encourage the use and the development of related theories.

Design/methodology/approach - A three-stage research approach was used. Firstly, a tentative framework was created from previous research and empirical material. This stage involved three different literature reviews, data mapping, and seven interviews with OGD experts. The empirical material was analysed with inductive analysis, and previous research was integrated into the framework through concept mapping. Secondly, the tentative framework was reviewed by informed OGD experts. Thirdly, the framework was finalised with additional literature reviews, eight interviews with OGD users, and a member check, including all the respondents. The framework was used to guide the data collection and as a tool in the analysis.

Findings -The user process framework covers activities and related variations, where the included phases are: start, identify, acquire, enrich, and deploy. The start varies relating to the intended use of the OGD. In the identify phase, the user is exploring the accessible data to decide if the data is relevant. In the acquire phase, the user is preparing for the delivery of the data from the publisher and receiving it. In the enrich phase, the user is concocting and making something. In the final deploy phase, the user has a product or service that can be provided to end-users.

Research limitations/implications - The framework development has some limitations: the framework needs testing and development in different contexts and further verification. The implications are that the framework can help guide researchers towards relevantand essential data of the user process, be used as a point of compari-son in analysis, and be used as a skeleton for more precious theories.

Practical implications - The framework has some practical implications for users, publishers, and portals. It can introduce users to the user process and help them plan for the execution of it. The framework can help publishers understand how the users can work with their data and what can be expected of them. The framework can help portal owners to understand the portal's role between users and publishers and what functionality and features they can provide to support to the user.

Originality/value - In previous research, no user process with an in-depth description was identified. However, several studies have given a rough recall. Thus, this research provides an in-depth description of the user process with its variations. The framework can support practice and leads to new research avenues.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2019. Vol. 3, no 3/4, p. 213-236
Keywords [en]
Open Government Data, User, Process, Phase, Activity, Framework, Reuse, Use, Concept Mapping, Descriptive Theory
National Category
Information Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159798DOI: 10.1108/TG-04-2019-0028ISI: 000501439700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85074371146OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-159798DiVA, id: diva2:1344731
Available from: 2019-08-21 Created: 2019-08-21 Last updated: 2025-04-04
In thesis
1. Open Government Data as a Reform and Ecosystem: A conceptual framework for evolution and health
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Open Government Data as a Reform and Ecosystem: A conceptual framework for evolution and health
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Öppna Data som Reform och Ekosystem : Ett konceptuellt ramverk för evolution och hälsa
Abstract [en]

Introduction: This doctoral thesis in Information Systems disentangles the interplay of an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem. Open government data (OGD) refers to data shared by public organizations, in the role of providers, following certain principles for anyone to reuse. An OGD reform transforms parts of society so that an OGD ecosystem can coalesce and realize benefits (e.g., economic growth or transparency). An OGD ecosystem consists of providers sharing data, enrichers developing products or services on this data, and seekers using the data, products, or services to satisfy their needs.

Problem and Purpose: Previous OGD research tends to encompass an OGD reform into an OGD ecosystem, which can restrict the possibilities to understand the evolution and health of an OGD ecosystem. Because, an OGD reform is a temporary transformation, while an OGD ecosystem includes sustained processes for a purpose. It obfuscates the possible interplay between an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem, which could affect the health of the ecosystem. Health is an OGD ecosystem’s ability to achieve its higher purpose while benefiting its actors without harming others. Reform and evolution are related since both refer to the change of actors. The purpose of my doctoral thesis is to disentangle the interplay between an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem to understand how it can affect the health of an OGD ecosystem.

Research Design: I set out to explore the Swedish OGD ecosystem from 2016 to 2019. The research expanded to international explorations between 2019 and 2021. My research is qualitative and encompasses an introductory part and five articles. The papers include (1) a comparison between two providers, (2) an enricher framework, (3) diagnosis of the Swedish OGD ecosystem, (4) lessons drawn from public utilities, and (5) how providers and enrichers can consider seekers in their work. I then revisited my empirical material to perform additional analysis to synthesize a conceptual framework called reform-ecosystem (RE-ECO) framework.

Findings: The RE-ECO framework depicts the interplay between an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem and how it could affect the ecosystem's health. An OGD reform is conceptualized as a checkerboard and an OGD ecosystem as an ocean ecosystem. OGD actors transform a reciprocal structure to coalesce an OGD ecosystem through persuasion, collaboration, transformation, and evaluation. The OGD ecosystem consists of strands of data-information cycles and identification nodes, which work to realize certain benefits. The OGD actors can transform local conditions, step between ecosystems, and mutation-load to affect the health of an OGD ecosystem.

Contribution: The theoretical contribution of this doctoral thesis is the RE-ECO framework. The thesis also concludes that an OGD ecosystem is an ancillary, symbiotic ecosystem; mutation-loading can control and fuel the change of actors; OGD actors can step between their OGD reform, their OGD ecosystem, and other ecosystems; the landscape metaphor reveals how an OGD reform can constrain the health of an OGD ecosystem; and actors can experience tensions between an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem. OGD researchers are suggested to further study the interplay between an OGD reform and an OGD ecosystem. OGD practitioners should follow ``high-value, high-impact'' and ``publish with purpose'' principles rather than ``open by default'' or ``raw data now'' principles.

Abstract [sv]

Introduktion: Öppna data är data som tillgängliggörs av offentliga organisationer (eng. open government data [OGD]) enligt vissa principer för att låta vem som helst återanvända data. I denna doktorsavhandling inom ämnet informationssystem undersöker jag samspelet mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem samt olika typer av roller för aktörer. En OGD-reform förändrar delar av ett samhälle så att ett OGD-ekosystem kan organiseras för att realisera olika fördelar (till exempel ekonomisk tillväxt eller transparens). Ett OGD-ekosystem består i att aktörer delar data (tillhandahållare [eng. providers]) och vem som helst använder data. Rollen berikare (eng. enrichers) använder data för att utveckla produkter eller tjänster och sökare (eng. seekers) använder data, produkterna eller tjänsterna för att tillgodose deras behov.

Problem och Syfte: Tidigare OGD-forskning tenderar att inkludera en OGD-reform i ett OGD-ekosystem, vilket kan begränsa möjligheterna att förstå ett ekosystems evolution och dess hälsa. Därför att en OGD-reform är tillfälliga förvandlingar, medan ett OGD-ekosystem är återkommande processer för ett mera specifikt ändamål. Denna situation kan dölja hur samspelet mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem kan påverka OGD-ekosystemets hälsa. Hälsa är ett OGD-ekosystems förmåga att uppnå ett högre ändamål samtidigt som det gynnar dess aktörer utan att skada andra. Reform relaterar till evolution då båda berör förändringar av aktörer. Denna avhandling syftar till att reda ut detta samspel för att förstå hur samspelet kan påverka OGD-ekosysemets hälsa.  

Forskningsdesign: I avhandlingen studerades det svenska OGD-ekosystemet mellan 2016 och 2019, vilket senare utvidgades till internationella samarbeten mellan 2019 och 2021. Forskningen är kvalitativ och avhandlingen består av en kappa med fem artiklar: (1) en jämförelse mellan två organisationer som tillhandahåller öppna data, (2) ett ramverk som beskriver berikares arbete, (3) en diagnos av det svenska OGD-ekosystemet, (4) lärdomar från allmännyttiga tjänster (t.ex. vatten, el och kollektivtrafik) och (5) hur tillhandahållare och berikare kan beakta sökare i sitt arbete. Ett centralt, och syntetiserande, resultat i kappan är ett konceptuellt ramverk;\textbf{re}form\textbf{-eko}system (RE-EKO) ramverket.

Resultat: RE-ECO-ramverket beskriver samspelet mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem samt hur det kan påverka ekosystemets hälsa. En OGD-reform är konceptualiserad som ett spelbräde och ett OGD-ekosystem som ett havsekosystem. OGD-aktörer förändrar en ömsesidig struktur för att organisera ett OGD-ekosystem genom aktiviteter så som övertala, samarbeta, förändra och utvärdera. OGD-ekosystemet består av datacykler och identifieringsnoder som arbetar för att förverkliga vissa fördelar. OGD-aktörerna kan påverka hälsan hos ett OGD-ekosystem genom att omvandla deras lokala förhållanden, kliva mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem och lastningar av mutationer.

Bidrag: Doktorsavhandlingens teoretiska bidrag är RE-ECO-ramverket samt slutsatserna att (1) ett OGD-ekosystem är ett stödjande, symbiotiskt ekosystem; (2) lastningar av mutationer kan styra och driva förändringar; (3) OGD-aktörer kan röra sig mellan en OGD-reform, ett OGD-ekosystem och andra ekosystem; (4) landskapsmetaforen kan användas för att avslöja hur en OGD-reform kan begränsa ett OGD-ekosystems hälsa; och (5) hur aktörer kan uppleva spänningar mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem. Förslag till vidare forskning ges i form av fördjupade studier av samspelet mellan en OGD-reform och ett OGD-ekosystem. Vidare diskuteras också principer för praktiker inom området för att nå god nytta av OGD.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 187
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 810
Keywords
Open Government Data, Reform, Ecosystem, Health, Evolution, Impediment, Barrier, Risk, Enricher, User, Seeker, Provider, Publisher, Öppna data, ekosystem, reform, hälsa, evolution, hinder, barriär, risk, berikare, användare, sökare, medborgare, tillgängliggörare, publicerare
National Category
Information Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177827 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-177827 (DOI)9789179290009 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-09-17, ACAS, A-building and online (Zoom), Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-07-05 Created: 2021-07-05 Last updated: 2021-07-22Bibliographically approved

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