Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet

Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Laboratory Melting of Late-Winter Urban Snow Samples: The Magnitude and Dynamics of Releases of Heavy Metals and PAHs
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3206-2017
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4732-7348
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9938-8217
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1725-6478
2019 (English)In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 230, no 8, article id 182Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Laboratory snow melting experiments were conducted with actual late-winter snow samples, collected just before the final snowmelt, in two similar northern Swedish cities, Luleå and Umeå, to investigate releases of the selected heavy metals (HM) (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) and 16 USEPA PAHs from melting snow. Metal concentrations were determined in three fractions: total, dissolved, and truly dissolved (defined as the fraction passing through a 3-kMWCO ultrafilter). Total HM concentrations in snowmelt were rather high at both sites and reflected the accumulation of pollutants in the roadside snowbanks over a period of about 5 months: Cd = 0.43, Cu = 303, Pb = 41.9, Zn = 817 (μg/l), and TSS = 2000 (mg/l) in Luleå samples and Cd = 1.87, Cu = 905, Pb = 165, Zn = 3150 (μg/l), and TSS = 4800 (mg/l) in Umeå samples. The difference between metal and TSS concentrations at the two sites of similar characteristics was attributed to a smaller volume snowbank in Umeå. The dissolved HM concentrations represented relatively small fractions of the total concentrations (0.3–6.9% in Luleå and 0.01–3.1% in Umeå). The truly dissolved fraction represented 71–90% of the dissolved fraction in Luleå and 74–98% in Umeå. At both sites, the dissolved fractions exhibited preferential elution from the laboratory snow piles. The PAHs studied (16 US EPA PAHs) were mostly particulate bound, with only 5–12% of the total burden contributed by the meltwater, and most dissolved concentrations below the reporting limits. PAH concentrations in the Luleå samples were about one-third to one-fourth of those in Umeå. In general, the releases of PAHs from the snowbank were delayed, compared with releases of meltwater, and showed similar release patterns as TSS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2019. Vol. 230, no 8, article id 182
Keywords [en]
PAHs, Road salt, Sediment, Snowmelt, Truly dissolved metals, Urban late-winter snow
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75595DOI: 10.1007/s11270-019-4201-2ISI: 000477606600002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85069681181OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-75595DiVA, id: diva2:1344106
Note

Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-08-20 (johcin)

Available from: 2019-08-20 Created: 2019-08-20 Last updated: 2023-10-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Traffic-related pollutants in urban snow: Concentrations, size fractionation, and release with snowmelt
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traffic-related pollutants in urban snow: Concentrations, size fractionation, and release with snowmelt
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Trafikrelaterade föroreningar i urban snö : Koncentrationer, storleksfördelning och spridning vid snösmältning
Abstract [en]

In urban areas with seasonal snow, traffic-related pollutants such as solid particles, metals, chloride, organic pollutants, and microplastics (MPs) can be temporarily stored in snowbanks along roads and streets. When the snow melts, it releases the accumulated pollutants and the resulting snowmelt with diverse pollutants may partly infiltrate into the ground, or enter storm sewers and eventually be discharged into, and impact on, the receiving waters. To address the resulting environmental concerns, it is important to gain a more comprehensive understanding of (i) occurrence, distribution, and temporal variation of conventional (TSS, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, chloride and PAHs) as well as emerging pollutants (Tire and Road Wear Particles (T&RWPs), Platinum Group Elements (PGEs), tungsten (W) and antimony (Sb)) in urban snow, (ii) size fractionation of pollutants in snow, (iii) behaviour of pollutants during snow melting, and (iv) influence of various snow sampling strategies on estimating pollutant loads in snow. Therefore, these four points form the focus of this doctoral thesis.

The work presented in the thesis includes a literature review of metal pollution in urban snow, field sampling of urban roadside snowbanks and snow storage piles, and laboratory-scale snow melting experiments. The field sampling included snow sampling surveys at three locations in Sweden – Frihamnen (one of the ports of Stockholm), and Luleå and Umeå municipalities in Northern Sweden, and served for studies of variations in snow quality in terms of solids, metals, chloride, PAHs and MPs. Some of the field samples were also used in laboratory-scale snow melting experiments to advance the understanding of the fate of pollutants during the snow melting process.

A literature survey identified Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni as the metals most frequently studied in urban snow, while Sb, W and PGEs in urban snow were seldom studied, and consequently were designated here as ‘emerging pollutants’ in urban snow. These pollutant concentrations in the analysed snow samples differed distinctly because of differences in study area characteristics such as meteorological conditions, traffic intensity and composition, and winter road maintenance as well as snow cover age (SCA). Investigation of estimation accuracies for pollutant loads in temporary snow storage piles highlighted the significant role of the sampling design. Single-column samples were prone to underestimating or overestimating the pollutant loads in snow piles, with variations of up to 400%, observed in the samples collected at Frihamnen. This underscores the importance of collecting and analysing multiple samples for reliable pollutant load assessments.

Comparison of snow quality in three winter seasons (1994-95, 2002-03, and 2020-21) showed a statistically significant decrease in Pb and Cd concentrations in snow samples from 1995 to 2021. This decline may be associated with the regulations limiting these pollutants in car manufacturing industry and the phasing out of leaded gasoline.

In the laboratory snow melting experiments, only 10% of both total metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) and PAHs, and 20% of T&RWPs, were carried away by the meltwater, while the rest stayed in the (immobilised) sediment residue. The dissolved (<0.45 µm) and truly dissolved (<3000 MWCO) metals and chloride exhibited a preferential elution during melting, whereas TSS and PAHs displayed a delayed release.

In summary, the thesis contributes to developing a comprehensive understanding of urban snow pollution dynamics and underscores the significance of, and need for, effective snow management for mitigating environmental impacts of urban snow pollution.

Abstract [sv]

Trafikrelaterade föroreningar som partiklar, metaller, klorid, organiska föroreningar och mikroplaster (MP) lagras tillfälligt i plogvallar längs gator och vägar i urbana områden. När snön smälter frigörs de ackumulerade föroreningarna och smältvattnet som innehåller olika föroreningar kommer infiltrera marken eller avledas via dagvattenledningar och så småningom släppas ut i, och påverka, recipienter. För att kunna hantera utsläppen till miljön som uppstår som en följd av detta är det viktigt att få en mer omfattande förståelse av (i) förekomst, distribution och tidsvariation av konventionella (TSS, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, klorid och PAH:er) samt ”nya” föroreningar (däck- och vägslitagepartiklar (T&RWP), platinagruppelement (PGE), volfram (W) och antimon (Sb)) i urban snö, (ii) storleksfraktionering av föroreningar i snö, (iii) spridning av föroreningarna vid snösmältning samt (iv) hur metoder och tillvägagångssätt för snöprovtagning i fält påverkar osäkerheten i mätdata. Därför utgör dessa fyra punkter fokus för denna doktorsavhandling.

Arbetet som presenteras i avhandlingen inkluderar en litteraturstudie av föroreningar såsom metaller i urban snö, fältprovtagning av plogvallar och snöhögar samt smältningsexperiment i laboratorieskala. Fältprovtagningen genomfördes på tre platser i Sverige – Frihamnen (en av Stockholms hamnar), samt Luleå och Umeå kommuner i norra Sverige, och användes till studier av variationer i snökvalitet med avseende på suspenderade partiklar, metaller, klorider, PAH:er och mikroplast partiklar. Ett urval av fältproverna användes också i laboratorieexperiment för att studera hur olika föroreningar påverkas under snösmältningsprocessen.

En litteraturöversikt identifierade Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd och Ni som de mest frekvent studerade metallerna i urban snö. Sb, W och PGEs har studerats mer sällan och benämns därför här som "nya föroreningar”. Koncentrationerna av dessa föroreningar i de analyserade snöproverna skiljde sig tydligt på grund av skillnader mellan provtagningsplatserna såsom meteorologiska förhållanden, trafikintensitet och -sammansättning, vintervägunderhåll samt snöns ålder (SCA). Undersökningar av mätnoggrannhet för bestämning av föroreningsmängder lagrade i snöhögar påverkades av hur proverna togs. Enstaka prover genom hela snödjupet hade en tendens att underskatta eller överskatta föroreningsbelastningen i snöhögarna, med variationer på upp till 400%, vilket observerades i prover som togs i Frihamnen. Det understryker vikten av att samla in och analysera flera prover för att kunna göra pålitliga bedömningar av den faktiska föroreningsbelastningen.

Jämförande analys av snökvalitet under tre vintersäsonger (1994-95, 2002-03 och 2020-21) visade en statistiskt signifikant minskning av Pb- och Cd-koncentrationerna i snöprover från 1995 till 2021. Denna minskning kan tillskrivas lagar och föreskrifter om minskad användning av dessa ämnen under årens gång.

I laboratorieexperiment med snösmältning följde endast 10% av totala metaller (Cu, Zn och Cd) och PAH:er med det avrinnande smältvatten, medan resten stannade kvar (immobiliserade) som sediment på platsen för snöhögen. De lösta (<0,45 µm) och sant lösta (<3000 MWCO) storleksfraktionerna av metallerna samt klorider frigjordes tidigt under smältförloppet (preferential elution), medan TSS och PAH:er uppvisade en fördröjd frisättning (delayed release).

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingen till att utveckla en övergripande förståelse för dynamiken av föroreningar i urban snö och lyfter fram betydelsen, och behovet, av effektiv snöhantering för att minska miljöpåverkan av föroreningar som förekommer i urban snö.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2023
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Urban snow, Traffic pollution, Suspended solids, Metals, PAHs, Tire and Road wear Particles (T&RWPs), Microplastics (MPs), Size fractionation
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-101700 (URN)978-91-8048-410-7 (ISBN)978-91-8048-411-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-15, A1547, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-10-18 Created: 2023-10-18 Last updated: 2024-03-25Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(2334 kB)377 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 2334 kBChecksum SHA-512
ebfad3dba3b84f9549527c6e9d672c4dbc32debe51a8a12d4b36e24e646d84bb35ee3a164ae99417b0094396e72081fd518c041e0d4067353dea8de42deee33a
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Vijayan, AryaÖsterlund, HeleneMarsalek, JiriViklander, Maria
By organisation
Architecture and Water
In the same journal
Water, Air and Soil Pollution
Water Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 377 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 418 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf