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An Innovative In-Tunnel Seismic Study for Sustainably Extracting Apatite Ore at the Siilinjärvi Mine, Eastern Finland
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
2019 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
En innovativ seismisk studie for utvinning av apatit- malm ur Siilinjärvigruvan, östra Finland (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Siilinjärvi located in eastern Finland is presently the only phosphate mine with significant phosphorus production in western Europe. Phosphate rock and phosphorus are known as a critical raw material for the European Union due to their economic importance and being prone to the supply risks. Securing their sustainable exploration as well as extraction is hence important. At Siilinjärvi, the phosphate rocks appear within a major Archean alkaline and carbonatite system deformed by several shear zones and intruded by dike systems. By understanding their spatial and temporal relationships an improved exploration and extraction of the ore is possible, which in turn will contribute to the sustainable extraction of this critical material. In October 2018 a novel in-tunnel seismic survey was conducted in the Siilinjärvi open-pit mine. The objective of the study was to employ an in-tunnel seismic survey intersecting several major shear zones running on the eastern side of the main pit, with the idea of characterising its geometry and relationship with the mineralization. The use of the existing mine infrastructure (a water-drainage tunnel) makes the acquisition of the data quite novel in open-pit mines. The water-drainage tunnel nearly in the bottom of the pit crosscutting several major shear zones and dikes was used to enable bench-tunnel seismic data acquisition. High-quality data were acquired using 144 receivers inside the tunnel, with the sources located both inside the tunnel (Bobcat-mounted vertical drophammer) and on the surface (combined explosives and Bobcat-drophammer). Results obtained show at least two reflections interpreted to originate from subvertical shear zones intersecting the tunnel illustrating the importance of such surveys for shear-zone imaging and site characterization. Based on a careful study of a number of shot records, delay in arrival times and partial amplitude lose, these reflections are interpreted to be backscattered surface-waves generated from the shear zones.

Abstract [sv]

Siilinjärvi i östra Finland är just nu den enda fosfatgruvan med en betydande fosforproduktion inom den Europeiska Unionen. Fosfater och fosfor är viktigt för EU på grund av deras ekonomiska betydelse och begränsade tillgång. Den fosforbärande bergarten i Siilinjärvi befinner sig i ett stort Arkeiskt alkalisk och karbonatit-komplex som är deformerad av flera skjuvzoner och intruderat gångsystem. En förbättring av sökandet och utvinnandet av denna viktiga malm skulle vara möjligt genom en ökad förståelse för de spatiala och temporala relationerna i komplexet. Syftet med denna studie var att tillämpa en ny seismisk undersökning, baserad på existerande infrastruktur i gruvan, för en bättre geologisk förståelse och därmed en förbättrad exploatering. En innovativ seismisk undersökning av tunnlar gjordes i Siilinjärvis dagbrott oktober 2018. En vattendräneringstunnel nästan i botten av brottet som korsar fem skjuvzoner användes för att mäta seismiskt tunnel-data. Hög kvalitativ data samlades in genom att använda 144 mottagare inuti tunneln med källor lokaliserade både inuti tunneln, i form av en vertikal dropphammare monterad på en Bobcat, och på ytan i form av en kombination av sprängning och Bobcatmoterad dropphammare. Två reflektioner tolkades att ha sitt ursprung från subvertikala skjuvzoner som korsar tunneln vilket visar på vikten av dessa typer av undersökningar för skjuvzons detektion och områdes karaktärisering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2019. , p. 36
Series
Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper, ISSN ISSN 1650-6553 ; 461, 2019
Keywords [en]
in-tunnel seismic, reflection seismic, traveltime tomography, carbonatites, shear zones, Siilinjärvi
Keywords [sv]
tunnelseismik, reflektionsseismik, restidstomografi, karbonatiter, skjuvzoner, Siilinjärvi
National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388162OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-388162DiVA, id: diva2:1331921
External cooperation
Yara Suomi Oy; Smart Exploration
Educational program
Master Programme in Earth Science
Presentation
2019-06-05, Småland, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 10:00 (English)
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2019-08-14 Created: 2019-06-27 Last updated: 2019-08-14Bibliographically approved

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