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Crop raiding by wild mammals in Ethiopia: impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in an agriculture-forest mosaic landscape
Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Kulturgeografiska institutionen.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-6264-6331
Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Kulturgeografiska institutionen.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-2445-2699
2017 (Engelska)Ingår i: Oryx, ISSN 0030-6053, E-ISSN 1365-3008, Vol. 51, nr 3, s. 527-537Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

We assessed the impacts of crop raiding by wild mammals on the livelihoods of smallholding farmers in south-western Ethiopia. Data were generated through participatory field mapping, interviews and focus groups. The results indicated that wild mammals, mainly olive baboons Papio anubis and bush pigs Potamochoerus larvatus, were raiding most crops cultivated in villages close to forests. In addition to the loss of crops, farmers incurred indirect costs in having to guard and cultivate plots far from their residences, sometimes at the expense of their children's schooling. Raiding also undermined farmers’ willingness to invest in modern agricultural technologies. Various coping strategies, including guarding crops and adapting existing local institutions, were insufficient to reduce raiding and its indirect impacts on household economies to tolerable levels, and were undermined by existing policies and government institutions. It is essential to recognize wild mammal pests as a critical ecosystem disservice to farmers, and to identify ways to mitigate their direct and indirect costs, to facilitate local agricultural development and livelihood security, and integrate wildlife conservation and local development more fully in agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
2017. Vol. 51, nr 3, s. 527-537
Nyckelord [en]
Agriculture, development, ecosystem disservice, Ethiopia, forest, human–wildlife conflict, Oromia, pest
Nationell ämneskategori
Kulturgeografi
Forskningsämne
geografi med kulturgeografisk inriktning
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128717DOI: 10.1017/S0030605316000028ISI: 000403791000034OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-128717DiVA, id: diva2:916156
Tillgänglig från: 2016-04-01 Skapad: 2016-04-01 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-02-23Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Ecosystem Services and Disservices in an Agriculture–Forest Mosaic: A Study of Forest and Tree Management and Landscape Transformation in Southwestern Ethiopia
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Ecosystem Services and Disservices in an Agriculture–Forest Mosaic: A Study of Forest and Tree Management and Landscape Transformation in Southwestern Ethiopia
2016 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

The intertwined challenges of food insecurity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss remain perennial challenges in Ethiopia, despite increasing policy interventions. This thesis investigates smallholding farmers’ tree- and forest-based livelihoods and management practices, in the context of national development and conservation policies, and examines how these local management practices and policies transform the agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia.

The thesis is guided by a political ecology perspective, and focuses on an analytical framework of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDs). It uses a mixed research design with data from participatory field mapping, a tree ‘inventory’, interviews, focus group discussions, population censuses, and analysis of satellite images and aerial photos.

The thesis presents four papers. Paper I investigates how smallholding farmers in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape manage trees and forests in relation to a few selected ESs and EDs that they consider particularly beneficial or problematic. The farmers’ management practices were geared towards mitigating tree- and forest-related EDs such as wild mammal crop raiders, while at the same time augmenting ESs such as shaded coffee production, resulting in a restructuring of the agriculture–forest mosaic. Paper II builds further on the EDs introduced in paper I, to assess the effects of crop raids by forest-dwelling wild mammals on farmers’ livelihoods. The EDs of wild mammals and human–wildlife conflict are shown to constitute a problem that goes well beyond a narrow focus on yield loss. The paper illustrates the broader impacts of crop-raiding wild mammals on local agricultural and livelihood development (e.g. the effects on food security and children’s schooling), and how state forest and wildlife control and related conservation policy undermined farmers’ coping strategies. Paper III examines local forest-based livelihood sources and how smallholders’ access to forests is reduced by state transfer of forestland to private companies for coffee investment. This paper highlights how relatively small land areas appropriated for investment in relatively densely inhabited areas can harm the livelihoods of many farmers, and also negatively affect forest conservation. Paper IV investigates the patterns and drivers of forest cover change from 1958 to 2010. Between 1973 and 2010, 25% of the total forest was lost, and forest cover changes varied both spatially and temporally. State development and conservation policies spanning various political economies (feudal, socialist, and ‘free market-oriented’) directly or indirectly affected local ecosystem use, ecosystem management practices, and migration processes. These factors (policies, local practices, and migration) have thus together shaped the spatial patterns of forest cover change in the last 50 years.

The thesis concludes that national development and conservation policies and the associated power relations and inequality have often undermined local livelihood security and forest conservation efforts. It also highlights how a conceptualization of a local ecosystem as a provider of both ESs and EDs can generate an understanding of local practices and decisions that shape development and conservation trajectories in mosaic landscapes. The thesis draws attention to the need to make development and conservation policies relevant and adaptable to local conditions as a means to promote local livelihood and food security, forest and biodiversity conservation, and ESs generated by agricultural mosaic landscapes.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University, 2016. s. 85
Serie
Meddelanden från Kulturgeografiska institutionen vid Stockholms universitet, ISSN 0585-3508 ; 151
Nyckelord
conservation, deforestation, ecosystem disservices, ecosystem services, forest, Ethiopia, land grabbing, livelihood, Oromia, policies, political ecology, trees, tropical landscape mosaic
Nationell ämneskategori
Kulturgeografi
Forskningsämne
geografi med kulturgeografisk inriktning
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128537 (URN)978-91-7649-350-2 (ISBN)
Disputation
2016-05-20, De Geersalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14, Stockholm, 10:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Tillgänglig från: 2016-04-27 Skapad: 2016-03-30 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-02-23Bibliografiskt granskad

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