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On the Implementation of Integer and Non-Integer Sampling Rate Conversion
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, Elektroniksystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
2012 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

The main focus in this thesis is on the aspects related to the implementation of integer and non-integer sampling rate conversion (SRC). SRC is used in many communication and signal processing applications where two signals or systems having different sampling rates need to be interconnected. There are two basic approaches to deal with this problem. The first is to convert the signal to analog and then re-sample it at the desired rate. In the second approach, digital signal processing techniques are utilized to compute values of the new samples from the existing ones. The former approach is hardly used since the latter one introduces less noise and distortion. However, the implementation complexity for the second approach varies for different types of conversion factors. In this work, the second approach for SRC is considered and its implementation details are explored. The conversion factor in general can be an integer, a ratio of two integers, or an irrational number. The SRC by an irrational numbers is impractical and is generally stated for the completeness. They are usually approximated by some rational factor.

The performance of decimators and interpolators is mainly determined by the filters, which are there to suppress aliasing effects or removing unwanted images. There are many approaches for the implementation of decimation and interpolation filters, and cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters are one of them. CIC filters are most commonly used in the case of integer sampling rate conversions and often preferred due to their simplicity, hardware efficiency, and relatively good anti-aliasing (anti-imaging) characteristics for the first (last) stage of a decimation (interpolation). The multiplierless nature, which generally yields to low power consumption, makes CIC filters well suited for performing conversion at higher rate. Since these filters operate at the maximum sampling frequency, therefore, are critical with respect to power consumption. It is therefore necessary to have an accurate and efficient ways and approaches that could be utilized to estimate the power consumption and the important factors that are contributing to it. Switching activity is one such factor. To have a high-level estimate of dynamic power consumption, switching activity equations in CIC filters are derived, which may then be used to have an estimate of the dynamic power consumption. The modeling of leakage power is also included, which is an important parameter to consider since the input sampling rate may differ several orders of magnitude. These power estimates at higher level can then be used as a feed-back while exploring multiple alternatives.

Sampling rate conversion is a typical example where it is required to determine the values between existing samples. The computation of a value between existing samples can alternatively be regarded as delaying the underlying signal by a fractional sampling period. The fractional-delay filters are used in this context to provide a fractional-delay adjustable to any desired value and are therefore suitable for both integer and non-integer factors. The structure that is used in the efficient implementation of a fractional-delay filter is know as Farrow structure or its modifications. The main advantage of the Farrow structure lies in the fact that it consists of fixed finite-impulse response (FIR) filters and there is only one adjustable fractional-delay parameter, used to evaluate a polynomial with the filter outputs as coefficients. This characteristic of the Farrow structure makes it a very attractive structure for the implementation. In the considered fixed-point implementation of the Farrow structure, closed-form expressions for suitable word lengths are derived based on scaling and round-off noise. Since multipliers share major portion of the total power consumption, a matrix-vector multiple constant multiplication approach is proposed to improve the multiplierless implementation of FIR sub-filters.

The implementation of the polynomial part of the Farrow structure is investigated by considering the computational complexity of different polynomial evaluation schemes. By considering the number of operations of different types, critical path, pipelining complexity, and latency after pipelining, high-level comparisons are obtained and used to short list the suitable candidates. Most of these evaluation schemes require the explicit computation of higher order power terms. In the parallel evaluation of powers, redundancy in computations is removed by exploiting any possible sharing at word level and also at bit level. As a part of this, since exponents are additive under multiplication, an ILP formulation for the minimum addition sequence problem is proposed.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2012. , s. 65
Serie
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1420
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73722ISBN: 978-91-7519-980-1 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-73722DiVA, id: diva2:476337
Disputas
2012-02-09, Visionen, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 13:15 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2012-01-17 Laget: 2012-01-12 Sist oppdatert: 2019-12-08bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. Power Estimation of Recursive and Non-Recursive CIC Filters Implemented in Deep-Submicron Technology
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Power Estimation of Recursive and Non-Recursive CIC Filters Implemented in Deep-Submicron Technology
2010 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings of International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), 2010, Date: 21-23 June, 2010, IEEE , 2010, s. 221-225Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

The power modeling of different realizations of cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filters has been a subject of several recent works. In this work we have extended these with modeling of leakage power, which is an important factor since the input sample rate may differ several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we have pointed out the importance of the input wordlength on the comparison of recursive and nonrecursive implementations.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
IEEE, 2010
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70451 (URN)10.1109/ICGCS.2010.5543063 (DOI)978-1-4244-6877-5 (ISBN)978-1-4244-6876-8 (ISBN)
Konferanse
International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), June 21–23, Shanghai, China
Tilgjengelig fra: 2011-09-20 Laget: 2011-09-08 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators
2010 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings of Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), 2010, Date:22-24 Sept. 2010, IEEE , 2010, s. 21-24Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

In this work, a method for estimation of the switching activity in integrators is presented. To achieve low power, it is always necessary to develop accurate and efficient methods to estimate the switching activity. The switching activities are then used to estimate the power consumption. In our work, the switching activity is first estimated for the general purpose integrators and then it is extended for the estimation of switching activity in cascaded integrators in CIC filters.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
IEEE, 2010
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70452 (URN)10.1109/PRIMEASIA.2010.5604971 (DOI)978-1-4244-6736-5 (ISBN)978-1-4244-6735-8 (ISBN)
Konferanse
Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), 22-24 September, Shanghai, China
Merknad
©2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. MUHAMMAD ABBAS and Oscar Gustafsson, Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators, 2010, Asia Pacific Conf. on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics, Shanghai, China. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PRIMEASIA.2010.5604971 Tilgjengelig fra: 2011-09-20 Laget: 2011-09-08 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert
3. Scaling of fractional delay filters based on the Farrow structure
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Scaling of fractional delay filters based on the Farrow structure
2009 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009. ISCAS 2009, Piscataway: IEEE , 2009, s. 489-492Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

In this work we consider scaling of fractional delay filters using the Farrow structure. Based on the observation that the subfilters approximate the Taylor expansion of a differentiator, we derive estimates of the L2-norm scaling values at the outputs of each subfilter as well as at the inputs of each delay multiplier. The scaling values can then be used to derive suitable wordlengths in a fixed-point implementation.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Piscataway: IEEE, 2009
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51070 (URN)10.1109/ISCAS.2009.5117792 (DOI)000275929800123 ()978-1-4244-3827-3 (ISBN)
Konferanse
IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 24-27 May 2009, Taipei,Taiwan
Tilgjengelig fra: 2009-10-15 Laget: 2009-10-15 Sist oppdatert: 2018-09-01bibliografisk kontrollert
4. Computational and Implementation Complexity of Polynomial Evaluation Schemes
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Computational and Implementation Complexity of Polynomial Evaluation Schemes
2011 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings of NORCHIP, 2011 Date:14-15 Nov. 2011, IEEE conference proceedings, 2011, s. 1-6Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

In this work, we consider the computational complexity of different polynomial evaluation schemes. By considering the number of operations of different types, critical path, pipelining complexity, and latency after pipelining, high-level comparisons are obtained. These can then be used to short list suitable candidates for an implementation given the specifications. Not only multiplications are considered, but they are divided into data-data multiplications, squarers, and data-coefficient multiplications, as the latter can be optimized depending on implementation architecture and application.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
IEEE conference proceedings, 2011
Emneord
Adders, Computer architecture, Delay, Filtering algorithms, ISO, Pipeline processing, Polynomials
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73935 (URN)10.1109/NORCHP.2011.6126735 (DOI)978-1-4577-0515-1 (ISBN)978-1-4577-0514-4 (ISBN)
Konferanse
NORCHIP 2011. The Nordic Microelectronics event, 29th Norchip Conference 14-15 November 2011, Lund, Sweden
Tilgjengelig fra: 2012-01-17 Laget: 2012-01-17 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert
5. Low-Complexity Parallel Evaluation of Powers Exploiting Bit-Level Redundancy
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Low-Complexity Parallel Evaluation of Powers Exploiting Bit-Level Redundancy
2010 (engelsk)Inngår i: Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010, 7-10 Nov. 2010 / [ed] Michael B. Matthews, Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society , 2010, s. 1168-1172Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

In this work, we investigate the problem of computing any requested set of power terms in parallel using summations trees. This problem occurs in applications like polynomial approximation, Farrow filters (polynomial evaluation part) etc. In the proposed technique, the partial product of each power term is initially computed independently. A redundancy check is then made in each and among all partial products matrices at bit level. The redundancy here relates to the fact that same three partial products may be present in more than one columns, and, hence, can be mapped to the same full adder. The proposed algorithm is tested for different sets of powers and wordlengths to exploit the sharing potential.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2010
Serie
Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. Conference Record, ISSN 1058-6393
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70453 (URN)10.1109/ACSSC.2010.5757714 (DOI)978-1-4244-9722-5 (ISBN)
Konferanse
Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010, 7-10 Nov. 2010 , Pacific Grove, CA, USA
Tilgjengelig fra: 2011-09-20 Laget: 2011-09-08 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert
6. Integer Linear Programming Modeling of Addition Sequences With Additional Constraints for Evaluation of Power Terms
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Integer Linear Programming Modeling of Addition Sequences With Additional Constraints for Evaluation of Power Terms
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

In this work, an integer linear programming (ILP) based model is proposed for the computation of a minimal cost addition sequence for a given set of integers. Since exponents are additive under multiplication, the minimal length addition sequence will provide an optimal solution for the evaluation of a requested set of power terms. This in turn finds application in, e.g., window-based exponentiation for cryptography and polynomial evaluation. Not only is an optimal model proposed, the model is extended to consider different costs for multipliers and squarers as well as controlling the depth of the resulting addition sequence.

HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73936 (URN)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2012-01-17 Laget: 2012-01-17 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert
7. Switching Activity Estimation of DDFS Phase Accumulators
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Switching Activity Estimation of DDFS Phase Accumulators
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

In this letter, equations for the one’s probability and switching activities for direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) phase accumulators are derived. These results are useful for obtaining good accuracy estimated of both leakage and dynamic power consumption for the phase accumulator and the phase-to-magnitude converter.

HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73937 (URN)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2012-01-17 Laget: 2012-01-17 Sist oppdatert: 2015-03-11bibliografisk kontrollert

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