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Bioconjugation of antibodies and affinity proteins for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools
KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Proteinvetenskap.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-7755-2661
2024 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Antibodies and affinity proteins are essential tools in research, diagnostics and therapy. Antibodies have the ability to bind to a large variety of protein targets with great specificity and selectivity, allowing them to be used for identification, or targeted therapy of devastating diseases such as cancer. Bioconjugation to other molecules enables the extension of antibody function, enhancing its capabilities beyond recognition and binding. By attachment of a cytotoxic molecule such as a cytotoxic drug or a radionuclide to the antibody, a cell-killing agent can be directly delivered to the cancer cells, eliciting localized effect and sparing healthy tissues. Selecting a suitable labelling technique to produce high-quality antibody conjugates is a crucial consideration for many applications. Site-specific labelling is an attractive approach, where the cargo is directed to a predefined location on the antibody, resulting in homogeneous and well-characterized conjugates, without impacting its tumour antigen binding properties. Many different methods have been explored; affinity-based strategies serve as the basis of this thesis. Ligands such as the Protein A- derived Z domain and the FcIII peptide bind to the Fc domain on the antibody framework, a suitable location for delivering a selected payload. 

In this thesis, I have explored affinity ligand-based and glycan engineering-based site-specific antibody labelling methods for the production of antibody conjugates for therapeutic purposes and as research tools. In Papers I-II, we adopted site-specific labelling methods based on the Fc- targeting ligands Z domain and FcIII peptide along with a glycan-modification approach for the preparation of antibody conjugates for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) purposes. Our methods resulted in well-characterized conjugates covalently labelled with a chelator suitable for radiolabelling. The radioimmunoconjugates were evaluated in vivo and showed great potential for future applications in RIT. 

In Paper III, we aimed to improve an earlier developed PNA-based antibody pretargeting system by adopting different labelling strategies for the production of antibody-PNA conjugates. Such systems hold great potential to increase the uptake of radioactivity in the tumour and decrease exposure of healthy tissues to radiation as well as improve imaging contrast for radioimaging. Here, we demonstrated that by carefully reengineering of both the primary and secondary targeting agents, considerable enhancement can be achieved with PNA-based pretargeting. 

Apart from their success as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, antibody conjugates are widely established reagents in basic research. As sequencing-based single-cell protein expression analysis assays are becoming more popular, the production of high-quality antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates gains high importance. In such assays, specific antibody-targeted antigens are identified following the amplification and next-generation sequencing of their corresponding barcodes. In Paper IV, we utilize the Z domain for decorating an antibody panel targeting key immune cell markers with unique barcodes. The barcoded antibodies were used in DBS-Pro, a high-throughput and multiplex single-cell protein analysis method. In this project, DBS-Pro was applied for the identification of major immune cell subpopulations in PBMC samples. i In Paper V, we explored as an alternative to RIT, the potential of using affinity ligands based on endogenous peptides for radionuclide therapy. The short peptide RM26, targeting the cancer antigen gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer, is a promising candidate for imaging and therapy. Being a short peptide, RM26 suffers from fast blood clearance, which is a challenge for the therapeutic application of such ligands. Our approach to overcome this issue and to extend the circulatory half-life of RM26 is to conjugate the peptide to an albumin-binding domain (ABD) that can bind to HSA, the most abundant protein in our blood, thus achieving prolonged blood residence time. By designing, producing and evaluating several ABD-RM26 conjugate variants, we were able to investigate the effect of molecular composition on the biodistribution and bioavailability of such molecules, and identifying candidates with the most favourable properties for future development. 

In conclusion, in this thesis I combined recombinant protein techniques with chemical synthesis to produce unique protein conjugates followed by their in vitro and in vivo characterization to evaluate functional and biophysical properties. The experimental work presented in this thesis provides a rationale for the development of novel bioconjugates for a variety of future applications. 

Abstract [sv]

Antikroppar och affinitetsproteiner är viktiga verktyg inom forskning, diagnostik och terapi. Antikroppar har förmågan att binda till en mängd olika proteintarget med stor specificitet och selektivitet, vilket gör att de kan användas för identifiering eller riktad terapi av förödande sjukdomar såsom cancer. Biokonjugering med andra molekyler möjliggör utvidgning av antikroppsfunktionen, vilket förbättrar dess kapacitet bortom igenkänning och bindning. Genom att fästa en cytotoxisk molekyl som ett cytotoxiskt läkemedel eller en radionuklid till antikroppen kan ett cellförstörande reagens levereras direkt till cancercellerna, vilket ger en lokaliserad effekt och skonar friska vävnader. Att välja en lämplig inmärkningsmetod för att producera högkvalitativa antikroppskonjugat är en avgörande faktor för många tillämpningar. Platspecifik inmärkning är ett attraktivt tillvägagångssätt där lasten riktas till en fördefinierad plats på antikroppen, vilket resulterar i homogena och välkarakteriserade konjugat utan att påverka dess tumörantigenbindande egenskaper. Många olika metoder har undersökts; affinitetsbaserade strategier utgör grunden för denna avhandling. Ligander som Z-domänen, som härrör från Protein A, och FcIII-peptiden binder till Fc-domänen på antikroppsstrukturen, en lämplig plats för att leverera en utvald last. 

I denna avhandling utforskar jag affinitetsligand-baserade och glykankonstruerade platspecifika antikroppsinmärkningsmetoder för produktion av antikroppskonjugat för terapeutiska ändamål och som forskningsverktyg. I arbete I-II använder vi platspecifika inmärkningsmetoder baserade på de Fc-bindande liganderna Z och FcIII tillsammans med en glykanmodifieringsmetod för framställning av antikroppskonjugat för radioimmunoterapi (RIT). Våra metoder resulterade i välkarakteriserade konjugat kovalent märkta med en kelator lämplig för radioinmärkning. Radioimmunokonjugaten utvärderades in vivo och visade stor potential för framtida tillämpningar inom RIT. 

I arbete III syftade vi till att förbättra ett tidigare utvecklat PNA-baserat antikroppsadministrationssystem genom att använda olika inmärkningsstrategier för produktion av antikropps-PNA-konjugat. Sådana system har stor potential att öka upptaget av radioaktivitet i tumören och minska exponeringen av friska vävnader för strålning samt förbättra bildkontrasten vid molekylär avbildning. Här visade vi att genom noggrann modifiering av både de primära och sekundära reagensen kan betydande förbättringar uppnås med PNA-baserad leverans av radioaktivitet. 

Förutom deras framgång som terapeutiska och diagnostiska medel är antikroppskonjugat väletablerade reagenser inom grundforskning. När sekvenseringsbaserade singelcellproteinexpressionsanalyser blir allt mer populära blir produktionen av högkvalitativa antikropps-oligonukleotidkonjugat av stor betydelse. I sådana analyser identifieras specifika antikroppsbundna antigen efter amplifiering och sekvensering av deras motsvarande streckkoder. I arbete IV använde vi Z-domänen för att dekorera en antikroppspanel riktad mot viktiga immuncellmarkörer med unika streckkoder. De streckkodade antikropparna användes i DBS-Pro, en multiplex-singelcellproteinanalysmetod med hög genomströmning. I detta projekt tillämpades DBS-Pro för identifiering av större immuncellsubpopulationer i PBMC-prover. iii I arbete V utforskade vi som ett alternativ till RIT möjligheten att använda affinitetsligander baserade på endogena peptider för radionuklidterapi. Den korta peptiden RM26, riktad mot cancerantigenet gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, som vanligtvis överuttrycks i prostatacancer, är en lovande kandidat för avbildning och terapi. Som en kort peptid lider RM26 av snabb blodclearance, vilket är en utmaning för den terapeutiska tillämpningen av sådana ligander. Vårt tillvägagångssätt för att övervinna detta problem och förlänga cirkulationstiden för RM26 är att konjugera den med en albuminbindande domän (ABD) som kan binda till HSA, det mest förekommande proteinet i vårt blod, och därmed uppnå förlängd uppehållstid i blodet. Genom att designa, producera och utvärdera flera ABD-RM26-konjugatvarianter kunde vi undersöka effekten av molekylär sammansättning på biodistributionen och biotillgängligheten av sådana molekyler samt identifiera kandidater med de mest gynnsamma egenskaperna för framtida tillämpningar. 

Sammanfattningsvis använde jag i denna avhandling rekombinant proteinteknik kombinerat med kemisk syntes för att producera unika proteinkonjugat följt av karakterisering in vitro och in vivo för att utvärdera deras funktionella och biofysikaliska egenskaper. Det experimentella arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling ger en grund för utvecklingen av nya biokonjugat för mångsidiga framtida tillämpningar. 

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , s. 85
Serie
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:29
Emneord [en]
Antibody conjugates, cancer therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, radioimmunotherapy, pretargeting, single-cell proteomics, RM26, albumin-binding domain
Emneord [sv]
Antikroppskonjugat, cancerterapi, målsökande radionuklidterapi, radioimmunterapi, pretargeting, singelcellproteomik, RM26, albuminbindande domän
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Bioteknologi
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351396ISBN: 978-91-8106-013-3 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-351396DiVA, id: diva2:1887647
Disputas
2024-09-06, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68456365477, Stockholm, 10:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Merknad

QC 2024-08-14

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-08-14 Laget: 2024-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2024-09-10bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. Site-Specific Photoaffinity Bioconjugation for the Creation of <sup>89</sup>Zr-Labeled Radioimmunoconjugates
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Site-Specific Photoaffinity Bioconjugation for the Creation of <sup>89</sup>Zr-Labeled Radioimmunoconjugates
2023 (engelsk)Inngår i: Molecular Imaging and Biology, ISSN 1536-1632, E-ISSN 1860-2002, Vol. 25, nr 6, s. 1104-1114Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Site-specific approaches to bioconjugation produce well-defined and homogeneous immunoconjugates with potential for superior in vivo behavior compared to analogs synthesized using traditional, stochastic methods. The possibility of incorporating photoaffinity chemistry into a site-specific bioconjugation strategy is particularly enticing, as it could simplify and accelerate the preparation of homogeneous immunoconjugates for the clinic. In this investigation, we report the synthesis, in vitro characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a site-specifically modified, 89Zr-labeled radioimmunoconjugate created via the reaction between an mAb and an Fc-binding protein bearing a photoactivatable 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue. Procedures: A variant of the Fc-binding Z domain of protein A containing a photoactivatable, 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue — Z(35BPA) — was modified with desferrioxamine (DFO), combined with the A33 antigen-targeting mAb huA33, and irradiated with UV light. The resulting immunoconjugate — DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 — was purified and characterized via SDS-PAGE, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance, and flow cytometry. The radiolabeling of DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was optimized to produce [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33, and the immunoreactivity of the radioimmunoconjugate was determined with SW1222 human colorectal cancer cells. Finally, the in vivo performance of [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 in mice bearing subcutaneous SW1222 xenografts was interrogated via PET imaging and biodistribution experiments and compared to that of a stochastically labeled control radioimmunoconjugate, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. Results: HuA33 was site-specifically modified with Z(35BPA)-DFO, producing an immunoconjugate with on average 1 DFO/mAb, high in vitro stability, and high affinity for its target. [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was synthesized in 95% radiochemical yield and exhibited a specific activity of 2 mCi/mg and an immunoreactive fraction of ~ 0.85. PET imaging and biodistribution experiments revealed that high concentrations of the radioimmunoconjugate accumulated in tumor tissue (i.e., ~ 40%ID/g at 120 h p.i.) but also that the Z(35BPA)-bearing immunoPET probe produced higher uptake in the liver, spleen, and kidneys than its stochastically modified cousin, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. Conclusions: Photoaffinity chemistry and an Fc-binding variant of the Z domain were successfully leveraged to create a novel site-specific strategy for the synthesis of radioimmunoconjugates. The probe synthesized using this method — DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 — was well-defined and homogeneous, and the resulting radioimmunoconjugate ([89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33) boasted high specific activity, stability, and immunoreactivity. While the site-specifically modified radioimmunoconjugate produced high activity concentrations in tumor tissue, it also yielded higher uptake in healthy organs than a stochastically modified analog, suggesting that optimization of this system is necessary prior to clinical translation.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Springer Nature, 2023
Emneord
Immunopet, Photoaffinity labeling, Positron emission tomography, Site-selective bioconjugation, Site-specific bioconjugation, Zirconium-89
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-348564 (URN)10.1007/s11307-023-01818-5 (DOI)001025778400001 ()37052759 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85152641014 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

QC 20240626

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-06-26 Laget: 2024-06-26 Sist oppdatert: 2024-08-08bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Impact of site-specific conjugation strategies on the pharmacokinetics of antibody conjugated radiotherapeutics
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Impact of site-specific conjugation strategies on the pharmacokinetics of antibody conjugated radiotherapeutics
Vise andre…
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351397 (URN)
Merknad

QC 20240815

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-08-08 Laget: 2024-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2024-08-15bibliografisk kontrollert
3. Optimizing PNA-based pretargeting for enhanced targeted radionuclide therapy
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Optimizing PNA-based pretargeting for enhanced targeted radionuclide therapy
Vise andre…
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351459 (URN)
Merknad

QC 20240815

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-08-08 Laget: 2024-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2024-08-15bibliografisk kontrollert
4. Identification of Major Immune Cell Lineages with DBS-Pro
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Identification of Major Immune Cell Lineages with DBS-Pro
Vise andre…
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Proteins play a pivotal role in cellular function and heterogeneity. Understanding cellular diversity at the proteome level necessitates sensitive single-cell assays with high throughput. While current sequencing-based methods offer promise, they often face limitations, including reliance on expensive and inaccessible commercial platforms. Here, we have adopted the DBS-Pro method, utilizing site-specific oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies, to analyze surface proteins in single cells. The method uses cheap degenerated barcode oligonucleotides and a simple microfluidics setup for cell encapsulation. A sample of PBMCs was examined using a panel targeting six separate immune cell markers. Using this panel we could quantify marker expression on 1,307 cells, identifying major immune cell lineages including CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, monocytes, and B-cells. While recognizing the need for protocol improvements, our results present a promising approach for single-cell proteomics.

HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343431 (URN)
Merknad

QC 20240327

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-02-13 Laget: 2024-02-13 Sist oppdatert: 2024-08-08bibliografisk kontrollert
5. Evaluation of ABD-linked RM26 conjugates for GRPR-targeted drug delivery
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Evaluation of ABD-linked RM26 conjugates for GRPR-targeted drug delivery
Vise andre…
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351460 (URN)
Merknad

QC 20240815

Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-08-08 Laget: 2024-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2024-08-15bibliografisk kontrollert

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