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Magnetic fields of cool active stars
Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Fysiska sektionen, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, Observationell astrofysik.
2016 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

Magnetic fields are present throughout the universe and are very important for many astrophysical processes. Magnetic field influences a star throughout its life and affects nearby objects such as planets. Stellar magnetic field can be detected by measuring the Zeeman splitting of spectral lines in the intensity spectra (Stokes I) if the field is strong, or by analyzing polarization spectra if the field is weak. Magnetic fields in stars similar to the Sun are ubiquitous but, in general, relatively weak. Until recently these fields were detected through circular polarization (Stokes V) only since linear polarization (Stokes QU) is significantly weaker. The information embedded in different Stokes spectra is used for reconstruction of the surface magnetic field topology with Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) technique. However, cool stars often have complex field geometries and this, combined with a low field strength, partial Stokes parameter observations and the presence of cool spots, makes accurate magnetic mapping difficult. We have performed numerical tests of ZDI to investigate some of the problems of magnetic inversions and ways to overcome them. The most reliable results were found when magnetic field and temperature inhomogeneities were modelled simultaneously and all four Stokes parameters were included in the reconstruction process. We carried out observations of active cool stars in all four Stokes parameters trying to find an object with linear polarization signatures suitable for ZDI. The RS CVn star II Peg was identified as a promising target, showing exceptionally strong linear polarization signatures. We reconstructed the magnetic field in II Peg using full Stokes vector observations for the first time in a cool star. Compared to the magnetic maps recovered from the Stokes IV spectra, the four Stokes parameter results reveal a significantly stronger and more complex surface magnetic field and a more compact stellar magnetosphere. Spectropolarimetric observations and magnetic inversions can also be used to investigate magnetic activity of the young Sun and its implications for the solar system past. To this end, we studied a sample of six stars with parameters very similar to the present Sun, but with ages of only 100-650 Myr. Magnetic field maps of these young solar analogues suggest a significant decrease of the field strength in the age interval 100-250 Myr and a possible change in the magnetic field topology for stars older than about 600 Myr.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2016. , s. 67
Serie
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 1367
Nyckelord [en]
stars: magnetic field, stars: late-type, stars: activity, stars: imaging, polarisation, starspots
Nationell ämneskategori
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Forskningsämne
Astronomi
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-283357ISBN: 978-91-554-9561-9 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-283357DiVA, id: diva2:919085
Disputation
2016-06-02, Häggsalen, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, 13:15 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Tillgänglig från: 2016-05-11 Skapad: 2016-04-12 Senast uppdaterad: 2016-06-01
Delarbeten
1. How reliable is Zeeman Doppler imaging without simultaneous temperature reconstruction?
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>How reliable is Zeeman Doppler imaging without simultaneous temperature reconstruction?
2012 (Engelska)Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 548, s. A8-Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Context. Aims. The goal of this study is to perform numerical tests of Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) to asses whether correct reconstruction of magnetic fields is at all possible without taking temperature into account for stars in which magnetic and temperature inhomogeneities are spatially correlated. Methods. We used a modern ZDI code employing a physically realistic treatment of the polarized radiative transfer in all four Stokes parameters. We generated artificial observations of isolated magnetic spots and of magnetic features coinciding with cool temperature spots and then reconstructed magnetic and temperature distributions from these data. Results. Using Stokes I and V for simultaneous magnetic and temperature mapping for the star with a homogeneous temperature distribution yields magnetic field strengths underestimated by typically 10-15% relative to their true values. When temperature is kept constant and Stokes I is not used for magnetic mapping, the underestimation is 30-60%. At the same time, the strength of magnetic field inside cool spots is underestimated by as much as 80-95% and the spot geometry is also poorly reconstructed when temperature variations are ignored. On the other hand, the inversion quality is greatly improved when temperature variations are accounted for in magnetic mapping. The field strength is underestimated by 40-70% for the radial and azimuthal spots and by 70-80% for the meridional spots. Inversions still suffer from significant crosstalk between radial and meridional fields at low latitudes. The azimuthal field component proves to be most robust since it suffers the least from crosstalk. When using all four Stokes parameters crosstalk is removed. In that case, the reconstructed field strength inside cool spots is underestimated by 30-40% but the spot geometry can be recovered very accurately compared to the experiments with circular polarization alone. Conclusions. Reliable magnetic field reconstruction for a star with high-contrast temperature spots is essentially impossible if temperature inhomogeneities are ignored. A physically realistic line profile modeling method, which simultaneously accounts for both types of inhomogeneities, is required for meaningful ZDI of cool active stars.

Nyckelord
Methods: numerical, Polarization, Stars: imaging, Stars: magnetic field, Starspots
Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-188133 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/201219972 (DOI)000311901200008 ()
Tillgänglig från: 2012-12-12 Skapad: 2012-12-12 Senast uppdaterad: 2017-12-07Bibliografiskt granskad
2. Strong variable linear polarization in the cool active star II Peg
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Strong variable linear polarization in the cool active star II Peg
2013 (Engelska)Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966, Vol. 436, nr 1, s. L10-L14Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Magnetic fields of cool active stars are currently studied polarimetrically using only circular polarization observations. Including linear polarization in the reconstruction of stellar magnetic fields allows more information about the magnetic field to be extracted and significantly improves the reliability of stellar magnetic field maps. The goal of this study is to initiate systematic observations of active stars in all four Stokes parameters and to identify cool stars for which linear polarization can be detected at a level sufficient for Zeeman-Doppler Imaging (ZDI). Four active RS CVn binaries, II Peg, HR 1099, IM Peg and sigma Gem, were observed with the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope during a time period from 2012 February to 2013 January. The least-squares deconvolution procedure was applied to derive mean polarization profiles of all four Stokes parameters. Linear polarization was detected in all four stars in at least one observation. At the same time, II Peg showed an exceptionally strong and highly variable linear polarization signature throughout all observations. This establishes II Peg as the first promising target for ZDI in all four Stokes parameters and suggests the feasibility of such an analysis with existing equipment for at least a few of the most active cool stars.

Nyckelord
polarization, stars: individual: II Peg, stars: individual: HR 1099, stars: individual: IM Peg, stars: individual: sigma Gem, stars: magnetic field
Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-212329 (URN)10.1093/mnrasl/slt102 (DOI)000326435100003 ()
Tillgänglig från: 2013-12-10 Skapad: 2013-12-09 Senast uppdaterad: 2017-12-06
3. First Zeeman Doppler Imaging of a Cool Star Using All Four Stokes Parameters
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>First Zeeman Doppler Imaging of a Cool Star Using All Four Stokes Parameters
2015 (Engelska)Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal, ISSN 0004-637X, E-ISSN 1538-4357, Vol. 805, nr 2, artikel-id 169Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in active cool stars, but they are in general complex and weak. Current Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) studies of cool star magnetic fields chiefly employ circular polarization observations because linear polarization is difficult to detect and requires a more sophisticated radiative transfer modeling to interpret. But it has been shown in previous theoretical studies, and in the observational analyses of magnetic Ap stars, that including linear polarization in the magnetic inversion process makes it possible to correctly recover many otherwise lost or misinterpreted magnetic features. We have obtained phase-resolved observations in all four Stokes parameters of the RS CVn star II Peg at two separate epochs. Here we present temperature and magnetic field maps reconstructed for this star using all four Stokes parameters. This is the very first such ZDI study of a cool active star. Our magnetic inversions reveal a highly structured magnetic field topology for both epochs. The strength of some surface features is doubled or even quadrupled when linear polarization is taken into account. The total magnetic energy of the reconstructed field map also becomes about 2.1-3.5 times higher. The overall complexity is also increased as the field energy is shifted toward higher harmonic modes when four Stokes parameters are used. As a consequence, the potential field extrapolation of the four Stokes parameter ZDI results indicates that magnetic field becomes weaker at a distance of several stellar radii due to a decrease of the largescale field component.

Nyckelord
polarization, stars: individual (II Peg), stars: late-type, stars: magnetic field
Nationell ämneskategori
Fysik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258780 (URN)10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/169 (DOI)000356715400084 ()
Tillgänglig från: 2015-07-20 Skapad: 2015-07-20 Senast uppdaterad: 2017-12-04Bibliografiskt granskad
4. Magnetic fields of young solar twins
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Magnetic fields of young solar twins
2016 (Engelska)Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 593, artikel-id A35Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims. The goal of this work is to study the magnetic fields of six young solar-analogue stars both individually, and collectively, to search for possible magnetic field trends with age. If such trends are found, they can be used to understand magnetism in the context of stellar evolution of solar-like stars and, the past of the Sun and the solar system. This is also important for the atmospheric evolution of the inner planets, Earth in particular. Methods. We used Stokes IV data from two different spectropolarimeters, NARVAL and HARPSpol. The least-squares deconvolution multi-line technique was used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. We then applied a modern Zeeman-Doppler imaging code in order to reconstruct the magnetic topology of all stars and the brightness distribution of one of our studied stars. Results. Our results show a significant decrease in the magnetic field strength and energy as the stellar age increases from 100 Myr to 250 Myr while there is no significant age dependence of the mean magnetic field strength for stars with ages 250-650 Myr. The spread in the mean field strength between different stars is comparable to the scatter between different observations of individual stars. The meridional field component has the weakest strength compared to the radial and azimuthal field components in 15 out of the 16 magnetic maps. It turns out that 89-97% of the magnetic field energy is contained in l=1-3. There is also no clear trend with age and distribution of field energy into poloidal/toroidal and axisymmetric/non-axisymmetric components within the sample. The two oldest stars in this study do show a twice as strong octupole component compared to the quadrupole component. This is only seen in one out of 13 maps of the younger stars. One star, χ 1 Ori displays two field polarity switches during almost 5 years of observations suggesting a magnetic cycle length of either 2, 6 or 8 years.

Nyckelord
polarisation – stars: magnetic fields – stars: late-type – stars: individual: EK Dra, HN Peg, π 1 UMa, χ 1 Ori, BE Cet, κ 1 Cet
Nationell ämneskategori
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-283269 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/201628443 (DOI)000385820100070 ()
Forskningsfinansiär
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVetenskapsrådetRymdstyrelsen
Anmärkning

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

Tillgänglig från: 2016-04-12 Skapad: 2016-04-12 Senast uppdaterad: 2017-11-30Bibliografiskt granskad

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